Transducer

A transducer is a device which detects or senses the bio signal converts it into an electrical signal Transducer can be classifieds based on Energy conversion Application and so on

 A transducer which gives its output without use of excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called an Active transducer. A transducer which gives its output using an excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called an Passive transducer.

Active transducers
Magnetic induction type transducer Piezo electric type transducers Photovoltaic type transducers Thermo electric type transducers

Passive transducers
Resistive transducers Inductive transducers Capacitive transducers

Magnetic induction type transducers

When an electrical conductor is moved in a magnetic field in such a way that magnetic flux through the conductor is changed, a voltage is induced which is proportional to the rate change of magnetic flux. e= d O/ dt = blv F= blv

Piezoelectric transducers
When crystals subjected in to compression or tension , Charge separation occurs in these crystels and electrical voltage developed. This is called piezoelectric effect. This type of transducers convert displacement or pressure in to an electrical variable.

Piezoelectric transducers
If we apply the dynamical pressure along with the mechanical axis y axis of the transducer, then the ac electrical voltage is induced along the x axisof the transducer. a permanently-polarized material such as quartz barium titanate (BaTiO3) , pottasium dihydrozen phosphate (KH2PO4, lithium nibote (liNbO3)

Piezoeletirc tranducers used as arterial pressure transducers.

Are uesd as pulse sensor which detects the arterial pressure pulses. The sensor consists of a piezoelectric crystal clamped in a hermetically sealed capsule subject to the displacement stresses from the tissue layer above the artery. The displacement is transmitted to the crystal through a soft rubber diaphragm. The output of the crystal is connected to the ECG recorder which records the pressure pulse waveform. The timing and wave shape of the pressure pulse provide diagnostically valuable information about the heart.

Photovoltaic transducers
Ejection of electron from a metal or semiconductor surface when it is illuminated by light or any other radiation of suitable wavelength is called photoelectric effect. Photo emissive , photoconductive , photo voltaic are three types of photo electric transducers. Photo voltaic is a active transducers. Which generates the electrical voltage in proportion to the radiant energy incident on it. Photo emissive , photoconductive is a passive transducers

Thermo electric type transducers

Thermo electric transducers are based on the seebeck effect which state that when two junction of a thermo couple are maintained at different temperature, an emf developed and is proportional to the temperature difference between the junction of the thermo couple. Peltier effect or reverse seebeck effect. A thermo couple contains two wires of dissimilar metals or semiconductor which are connected so that they form a closed conductive loop with two junctions. Flow of current cause one junction to heat and other junction to cool. Semiconductors bismuth , antimoney used for low Chromel , alumel and platinum , iradium are used for high

Passive transducers Resistive transducers

Resistive transducers are strain gauge , photo resistor, photo diode , photo transistor, thermistor and metallic resistance wires.