Production Bioethanol From Corn Stover

By : Cindi Ramayanti 03012681318011

Background
World oil consumption for energy and transportation applications has increased tremendously over the past decades as the world population grew, and more countries becoming industrialized. Even domestic products like plastics, chemicals, toiletries, clothes, food packaging, automobile parts and building materials are made from petrochemicals. To supplement these fossil based fuels, several ethanol-gasoline blends are currently in the market

Literature Review
Ethanol

Corn Stover

Biomass Lignocellulosic

Ethanol
Ethanol is a clear, colorless, volatile and flammable liquid with a strong distinctive odor (Shakhashiri 2009). It is commonly known as ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, wine spirit, and cologne spirit.

Corn Stover
Corn stovers is the agricultural residues (the stalks and leaves) that remain after corn is harvested, are a substantial source of inexpensive and abundant lignocellulosic biomass (Hess et al. 2009).

Corn Stover

Lignocellulosic Biomass
Lignocellulosic biomass are complex biological materials that include agricultural residues (corn stover, wheat straw, sugar baggase, rice straw, rice hull, corn cob, corn fiber, cotton stalks), office waste, industrial cardboard and forestry products (Lim 2004; Kumar et al. 2009). Lignocellulose consists primarily of plant cell wall materials that are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.(Fukuda et al.2009; Hendriks and Zeeman 2009).

Composition of Corn Stover

Basic Methodology
Raw Material Size Reduction
Pre-treatment

Purification

Fermentation

Hydrolysis

Bioethanol

Literature Review from Journal

N u 1. Year 2008 Topic Cellulosic ethanol production from AFEXtreated corn stover using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNHST) Content The technology was able to achieve 191.5 g EtOH/kg untreated CS, at an ethanol concentration of 40.0 g/L (5.1vol/vol%) without washing of pretreated biomass, detoxification, or nutrient supplementation. Advantages 1.Highly fermentable Hydrolysate 2.AFEX produces inhibitory degradation compounds at a reduced level 3.Preserves nutrients in biomass for fermentation dissadvantage 1. Fermentable sugar concentration is still low. There some sugar derivates were oli and polymer, which could not be use by yeast.

2.

Nu 1.

Year 2010

Topic Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Ground Corn Stover for the Production of Fuel Ethanol using Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli K011

Content The conversion of corn stover to ethanol was 2.29 g/100 g corn stover for the sample inoculated with S. cerevisiae, whereas for the sample inoculated with E. coli K011, the ethanol concentration was 4.14 g/100 g corn stover. While for the corn stover treated with G. trabeum, the conversion of corn stover to ethanol was 1.90 g/100 g and 4.79 g/100 g corn stover for the sample inoculated with S. cerevisiae and E. coli K011

Advantages i. End-product (glucose and cellobiose) inhibition of the enzymatic saccharification is greatly reduced (Shapouri 2007). ii. The potential loss of fermentable sugars (glucose and xylose) can be avoided as the supernatant constituents do not need to be separated or transferred. iii. Lower capital and maintenance cost as the number of vessels for processing are fewer. The decrease in capital investment is estimated to be more than 20%.

disadvantages 1. There co-product acetic acid and lactic acid 2. Fermentation using fungal as yeast get a more little product than bacterial yeast.

Literature Review
Nu 1. Year 2012 Topic Ethanol Production From Corn Stover Pretreated By Electrolyzed Water And A Two-step Pretreatment Method Content The highest glucan conversion yields were 83% obtained at 195C for 30 min with acidic electrolyzed water and 83% by the two-step process, where the second step of the pretreatment was at 135C for 30 min. Advantages 1. By using the methods, nutrient addition is no need. 2. The hydrolyzates from the two pretreatment methods showed good performance in S. cerevisiae fermentation tests. 3. Electrolyzed water pretreatment does not in-volve chemical additions such as acid, lime or ammonia that would increase costs and must be neutralized or recovered. disadvantages 1. They could be further broken down to formic acid and levulinic acid. 2. HMF and furfural could be consumed during yeast fermentation

Conclusion
Corn stover can be a source of fuel energy The biggest ethanol result comes from first journal. Technology achieved is 191.5 g etOH/untreated CS.

References
1. Anak Vincent, Mickey (2010) Sequential Saccharifcation And Fermentation Of Corn Stover For The Production Of Fuel Ethanol Using Wood-rot Fungi, S. cerevisiae And E. coli K011. Iowa State University. English, Burton et all. Using Corn Stover for Ethanol Production. University of Tenesse. Lau, Ming W and Dale, Bruce E (2008) Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Afex-treated Corn Stover using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Michigan State University. Juan, Wang X et all (2012) Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Pretreated by Electrolyzed Water and A Two-step Pretreatment Method. Dalian University of Technology.

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