Case II: Converter Feeding R-L Load

The load current waveform is continuous

when the delay angle
where .

For discontinuous load current
flows.
The load voltage and current waveforms for
are shown on the next slide.
| o s

|
.
|

\
|
=

R
L e
|
1
tan

| o >

| o <

Converter Feeding R-L Load










Fig. 2.3 Load voltage and current waveforms when


| o <

Case II: Converter Feeding R-L Load Contd
For this condition, an SCR is still conducting
when another is forward-biased and is turned
on.

The first device is instantaneously reversed-
biased by the second device which has been
turned on.

The first device is commutated and the load
current is instantaneously transferred to the
oncoming device.
Converter Feeding R-L Load Contd
We limit our analysis to continuous load
current.
The output voltage for the circuit is given by




Or



t o e o + s s + = t Ri
dt
di
L t v
d
d
s
) (

t o e o e + s s + = t Ri
dt
di
L t V
d
d
sin
max

The equation has:
Steady state solution:


where
and

Transient solution:

) sin(
max
| e = t
Z
V
i
SS

2 2 2
L R Z e + =

( ) R L e |
1
tan

=

) exp( L Rt A i
T
=

Thus the complete solution is


With initial condition



and again


the unknown I
o
and the constant A can be
determined.
) exp( ) sin( ) (
max
L Rt A t
Z
V
i i t i
T SS d
+ = + = | e

o d
I t i = = ) ( o e

o d
I t i = + = ) ( o t e

It can be shown that



When , I
o
becomes zero, and A also
becomes zero.
The load current then reduces to


This is a rectified sine wave.

(

+
=
1 ) tan exp(
1 ) tan exp(
) sin(
max
| t
| t
| o
Z
V
I
o

| o =

t o e o | e + s s = t t
Z
V
i for ) sin(
max

For the continuous mode of operation, the
mean output voltage is as was obtained for an
infinite inductance.

The mean output current is given by the
equation


The average current equation is valid for all

R I V
d do
=

o

To prove it, we integrate both sides of the
load voltage equation over one period T and
divide by T:



In the steady state the waveforms repeat with
the period T. Thus
The integration then yields


} } }
+ =
T
d
T i
i
d
T
d
dt i
T
R
di
T
L
dt v
T
0
) (
) 0 ( 0
1

) ( ) 0 ( T i i
d d
=

R I V
d do
=



Case III: Converter Feeding R-L and Emf
Load
Such load may be representing a dc machine
controlled by the converter as shown on the
next slide.

Motor inductance, resistance and back emf
are L, R and E respectively





Case III: Converter Feeding R-L and Emf
Load Contd











For

where ,

no current flows because the SCRs will
always be reverse-biased.

The load current flows with a firing angle
defined by



o
o o >

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

max
1
sin
V
E
o
t o

o

o
o o s s 0



The load current can be obtained by solving
the equation






and

E Ri
dt
di
L t V
d
d
+ + = e sin
max

R
E
Z
t V
i
m
SS

=
) sin( | e

) exp( L Rt A i
T
=



Thus the complete solution is




or



) exp(
) sin(
) (
max
L Rt A
R
E
Z
t V
t i
d
+

=
| e

) tan exp(
) sin(
) (
max
| e
| e
t A
R
E
Z
t V
t i
d
+

=



For continuous load current,


The instantaneous load current is given by

o d
I t i = = ) ( o e

|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+
+ =
|
= o
| o
| e
tan
max
max
) sin(
) sin(
t
o
d
e
Z
V
R
E
I
R
E
t
Z
V
i



The initial current is obtained by solving
the equation at


when i
d
is again equal to I
o
.




R
E
e
e
Z
V
I
o

(
(
(

+
=

1
1 ) sin(
)
tan
(
)
tan
(
max
|
t
|
t
| o

t o e + = t



The mean output voltage is as before and the
mean load current given by


Example 1
A single-phase fully controlled bridge converter
has RL with emf load having L = 6.5 mH, R =
0.5 and E = 10 V. V
S
= 120 Vrms at f = 60
Hz. Determine at = 60
o
(a) A (b) I
o
(c) I
T
(AV) (d) I
d




R
E V
I
do
d

=



Solution
(a) Differential equation:



10 5 . 0
1000
5 . 6
sin 2 120 + + =
d
d
i
dt
di
t e

o
j Z 47 . 78 5 . 2 )
1000
5 . 6
60 2 ( 5 . 0 Z O = + = t






|
.
|

\
|
+

=
o
o
d
t
A
t
t i
47 . 78 tan
exp
5 . 0
10
5 . 2
) 47 . 78 sin( 2 120
) (
e
e

) 204 . 0 exp(
20 ) 47 . 78 sin( 88 . 67
t A
t
o
e
e
+
=



At ,



At ,


Solving the two simultaneously, we obtain
and




3 60 t e = =
o
t

A I
o
8076 . 0 20 5049 . 21 + =

3 4 240 60 180 t e = = + =
o
t

A I
o
4225 . 0 20 5049 . 21 + =

A 56 . 112 = A

A 40 . 49 =
o
I



(d)


V 02 . 54 60 cos
120 2 2
cos 2 2
=

=
=
o
do
V
V
t
t
o

A 04 . 88
5 . 0
10 02 . 54
=

=
R
E V
I
do
d



(c) From ,



and hence

d T T
i i i = +
3 1

d AV T
I I =
) (
2

A 02 . 44
2
04 . 88
2
) (
=
=
=
d
AV T
I
I



Commutation of Thyristors
We have so far neglected the effect of the
source inductance.
Generally, this cannot be ignored in practical
thyristor converters.

During commutation, the source inductance
prevents the thyristor currents to change
instantaneously, and for this reason, during a
commutation angle or overlap angle , all
the four thyristors conduct simultaneously.



Commutation of Thyristors Contd




Thus, during the commutation, we have
and



The effect of the commutation on the supply
current, load voltage and the thyristor currents
waveforms is shown on the next slide
It is assumed that the load current is constant
and continuous


0 =
d
v

o e o + s s t

t V v
dt
di
L
s
s
s
e sin
max
= =

o e o + s s t











Fig. 2.5 Effect of source inductance on converter
waveforms


4 1
3 4
1 2
T T s
T T
T T
i i i
i i
i i
=
=
=



Integrating the voltage equation over the
commutation interval yields














) ( sin
max
t d t
L
V
di
s
I
I
s
d
d
e e
e
o
o
} }
+

=

( ) | |
d s
I L V e o o 2 cos cos
max
= +



During the commutation, the output voltage,
.
This means that we made an error by using

instead of
for the overlap interval to determine the
mean output voltage

We correct the error by supposing it to be a
voltage drop











0 =
d
v

s d
v v =

0 =
d
v

do
V

do
V
1
A



This dc voltage drop termed dc reactance
voltage drop is given by the average of the
error,


The average value is given by



















t V e
rr
e sin
max
=

| |
( ) | | o o
t
e
t
e e
t
o
o
o
o
+ =
= = A
+
+
}
cos cos
cos ) ( sin
1
max
max
max 1
V
t
V
t d t V V
do

o e o + s s t


From the above equation (see slide 29)and
this one (see slide 27):


we can show that


The actual mean output voltage neglecting all
other voltage drops is then















d
s
do
I
L
V
t
e 2
1
= A

do do
a
do
V V V
1
A =

( ) | |
d s
I L V e o o 2 cos cos
max
= +






You will use the above equation to calculate
the actual average voltage
Again we have



You will use the above equation to calculate
the overlap angle

















d
s s a
do
I
L V
V
t
e
o
t
2
cos
2 2
=

( ) | | o o
t
o
t
+ = cos cos
2
cos
2 2
s s a
do
V V
V

( ) | | o o
t
+ + = cos cos
2
s a
do
V
V



Example 2
In a single-phase bridge converter, L
s
= 1.4 mH,
V
s
= 230 V at 60 Hz. Calculate the commutation
angle and the actual output voltage with input
power of 3 kW and = 30
o
Solution

If i
d
= I
d
is constant,
input power = output power =





or
kW 3
2
cos
2 2
2
= =
d
s
d
s
d
a
do
I
L
I
V
I V
t
e
o
t



Substituting in values gives



Therefore, I
d
= 17.3 A




= 6.0
o

3000
1000
4 . 1 60 2 2
30 cos
230 2 2
2
=

d d
o
I I
t
t
t

0 6 . 8928 72 . 533
2
= +
d d
I I

V 4 . 173 3 . 17 3000 000 3 = = =
d
a
do
I V


( ) | |
t
+ +

=
o
30 cos 30 cos
230 2
4 . 173
0