Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture7 History CS
Lecture7 History CS
SCIENCE
Culture
Logic & Mathematics
1
(Religion, Art, ) 5
The Humanities
(Philosophy, History, Linguistics ) 4
The whole is more than the sum of its parts. Aristotle, Metaphysica 3
21
Research
Born: 1 July 1646 in Leipzig, Saxony (now Germany) Died: 14 Nov 1716 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany)
5
For it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if the machine were used.
6
George Boole
Born: 2 Nov 1815 in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England Died: 8 Dec 1864 in Ballintemple, County Cork, Ireland
8
George Boole is famous because he showed that rules used in the algebra of numbers could also be applied to logic. This logic algebra, called Boolean algebra, has many properties which are similar to "regular" algebra. These rules can help us to reduce an expression to an equivalent expression that has fewer operators.
A AND B A B
A OR B A + B
10
OR Operator
fruits OR vegetables OR cereals Any one of the terms are present.
fruits
vegetables
cereals
11
OR (|)
A B A|B
0
0 1 1
0
1 0 1
0
1 1 1
12
OR Gate
A 0 0 B 0 1 Q 0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
13
AND Operator
dairy products AND export AND europe All terms are present
14
AND (&)
A 0 0 B 0 1 A&B 0 0
1 1
0 1
0 1
15
AND Gate
A B Q
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
16
17
XOR (^)
A B A^B
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
18
XOR Gate
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Q 0 1 1 0
19
NOT (~)
A ~A
20
NOT Gate
A 0 1 Q 1 0
21
NAND
A B
NAND
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NAND Gate
A 0 B 0 Q 1
0
1 1
1
0 1
1
1 0
23
NOR
A B
NOR
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 0 0
NOR Gate
A 0 0
B 0 1
Q 1 0
1 1
0 1
0 0
25
XNOR
A B
NOR
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 0 1
26
XNOR Gate
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Q 1 0 0 1
27
Born: 8 Nov 1848 in Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin (now Germany) Died: 26 July 1925 in Bad Kleinen, Germany
28
29
30
31
Proof
As part of his predicate calculus, Frege developed a strict definition of a proof. In essence, he defined a proof to be any finite sequence of well-formed statements such that each statement in the sequence either is an axiom or follows from previous members by a valid rule of inference.
32
CANTOR: INFINITY
Born: 3 March 1845 in St Petersburg, Russia Died: 6 Jan 1918 in Halle, Germany
33
Infinities
Set of integers has an equal number of members as the set of even numbers, squares, cubes, and roots to equations!
The number of points in a line segment is equal to the number of points in an infinite line, a plane and all mathematical space!
The number of transcendental numbers, values such as and e that can never be the solution to any algebraic equation, were much larger than the number of integers.
34
Hilbert described Cantor's work as:- ...the finest product of mathematical genius and one of the supreme achievements of purely intellectual human activity.
35
David Hilbert
Born: 23 Jan 1862 in Knigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) Died: 14 Feb 1943 in Gttingen, Germany
36
Hilbert's program
Provide a single formal system of computation capable of generating all of the true assertions of mathematics from first principles (first order logic and elementary set theory).
Prove mathematically that this system is consistent, that is, that it contains no contradiction. This is essentially a proof of correctness. If successful, all mathematical questions could be established by mechanical computation!
37
Kurt Gdel
Born: 28 April 1906 in Brnn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno, Czech Republic) Died: 14 Jan 1978 in Princeton, New Jersey, USA
38
Incompleteness Theorems
1931 ber formal unentscheidbare Stze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme.
In any axiomatic mathematical system there are propositions that cannot be proved or disproved within the axioms of the system.
Born: 23 June 1912 in London, England Died: 7 June 1954 in Wilmslow, Cheshire, England
40
When war was declared in 1939 Turing moved to work fulltime at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. Together with another mathematician W G Welchman, Turing developed the Bombe, a machine based on earlier work by Polish mathematicians, which from late 1940 was decoding all messages sent by the Enigma machines of the Luftwaffe.
41
At the end of the war Turing was invited by the National Physical Laboratory in London to design a computer.
His report proposing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was submitted in March 1946. Turing returned to Cambridge for the academic year 194748 where his interests ranged over topics far removed from computers or mathematics, in particular he studied neurology and physiology.
42
1948 Newman (professor of mathematics at the University of Manchester) offered Turing a readership there.
Work was beginning on the construction of a computing machine by F C Williams and T Kilburn. The expectation was that Turing would lead the mathematical side of the work, and for a few years he continued to work, first on the design of the subroutines out of which the larger programs for such a machine are built, and then, as this kind of work became standardised, on more general problems of numerical analysis.
43
In the middle 30's, Neumann was fascinated by the problem of hydrodynamical turbulence. The phenomena described by non-linear differential equations are baffling analytically and defy even qualitative insight by present methods. Numerical work seemed to him the most promising way to obtain a feeling for the behaviour of such systems. This impelled him to study new possibilities of computation on electronic machines ...
46
Von Neumann was one of the pioneers of computer science making significant contributions to the development of logical design. Working in automata theory was a synthesis of his early interest in logic and proof theory and his later work, during World War II and after, on large scale electronic computers. Involving a mixture of pure and applied mathematics as well as other sciences, automata theory was an ideal field for von Neumann's wide-ranging intellect. He brought to it many new insights and opened up at least two new directions of research.
47
He advanced the theory of cellular automata, advocated the adoption of the bit as a measurement of computer memory, and solved problems in obtaining reliable answers from unreliable computer components.
48
Charles Babbage
Axel Thue
Stephen Kleene
Julia Robinson
Noam Chomsky
Juris Hartmanis
John Brzozowski 49
Richard Karp
Donald Knuth
Manuel Blum
Stephen Cook
Sheila Greibach
Leonid Levin 50
51