ECE201 Lect-21 1

Second-Order Circuits (7.3)

Dr. Holbert
April 19, 2006
ECE201 Lect-21 2
2nd Order Circuits
Any circuit with a single capacitor, a single
inductor, an arbitrary number of sources,
and an arbitrary number of resistors is a
circuit of order 2.
Any voltage or current in such a circuit is
the solution to a 2nd order differential
equation.
ECE201 Lect-21 3
Important Concepts
The differential equation
Forced and homogeneous solutions
The natural frequency and the damping
ratio
ECE201 Lect-21 4
A 2nd Order RLC Circuit
The source and resistor may be equivalent
to a circuit with many resistors and sources.
R
C v
s
(t)
i

(t)
L
+

ECE201 Lect-21 5
Applications Modeled by a 2nd
Order RLC Circuit
Filters
A lowpass filter with a sharper cutoff
than can be obtained with an RC circuit.

ECE201 Lect-21 6
The Differential Equation
KVL around the loop:
v
r
(t) + v
c
(t) + v
l
(t) = v
s
(t)
R
C v
s
(t)
+

v
c
(t)
+

v
r
(t)
L
+
v
l
(t)
i

(t)
+

ECE201 Lect-21 7
Differential Equation
) ( ) (
1 ) (
) ( t v dx x i
C dt
t di
L t Ri
s
t
= + +
}

dt
t dv
L
t i
LC dt
t di
L
R
dt
t i d
s
) ( 1
) (
1 ) ( ) (
2
2
= + +
ECE201 Lect-21 8
The Differential Equation
Most circuits with one capacitor and inductor
are not as easy to analyze as the previous
circuit. However, every voltage and current
in such a circuit is the solution to a differential
equation of the following form:
) ( ) (
) (
2
) (
2
0 0
2
2
t f t i
dt
t di
dt
t i d
= + + e ,e
ECE201 Lect-21 9
Important Concepts
The differential equation
Forced and homogeneous solutions
The natural frequency and the damping
ratio
ECE201 Lect-21 10
The Particular Solution
The particular (or forced) solution i
p
(t) is
usually a weighted sum of f(t) and its first
and second derivatives.
If f(t) is constant, then i
p
(t) is constant.
If f(t) is sinusoidal, then i
p
(t) is sinusoidal.
ECE201 Lect-21 11
The Complementary Solution
The complementary (homogeneous) solution
has the following form:


K is a constant determined by initial conditions.
s is a constant determined by the coefficients of
the differential equation.
st
c
Ke t i = ) (
ECE201 Lect-21 12
Complementary Solution
0 2
2
0 0
2
2
= + +
st
st st
Ke
dt
dKe
dt
Ke d
e ,e
0 2
2
0 0
2
= + +
st st st
Ke sKe Ke s e ,e
0 2
2
0 0
2
= + + e ,e s s
ECE201 Lect-21 13
Characteristic Equation
To find the complementary solution, we
need to solve the characteristic equation:


The characteristic equation has two roots-
call them s
1
and s
2
.
0 2
2
0 0
2
= + + e ,e s s
ECE201 Lect-21 14
Complementary Solution
Each root (s
1
and s
2
) contributes a term to
the complementary solution.
The complementary solution is (usually)

t s t s
c
e K e K t i
2 1
2 1
) ( + =
ECE201 Lect-21 15
Important Concepts
The differential equation
Forced and homogeneous solutions
The natural frequency and the damping
ratio
ECE201 Lect-21 16
Damping Ratio (,) and
Natural Frequency (e
0
)
The damping ratio is ,.
The damping ratio determines what type of
solution we will get:
Exponentially decreasing (, >1)
Exponentially decreasing sinusoid (, < 1)
The natural frequency is e
0

It determines how fast sinusoids wiggle.
ECE201 Lect-21 17
Roots of the Characteristic
Equation
The roots of the characteristic equation
determine whether the complementary
solution wiggles.
1
2
0 0 1
+ = e e s
1
2
0 0 2
= e e s
ECE201 Lect-21 18
Real Unequal Roots
If , > 1, s
1
and s
2
are real and not equal.



This solution is overdamped.

t t
c
e K e K t i
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
1
2
1
1
2
0 0
2
0 0
) (
e e e e
ECE201 Lect-21 19
Overdamped
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-06
t
i
(
t
)
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1.00E-06
t
i
(
t
)
ECE201 Lect-21 20
Complex Roots
If , < 1, s
1
and s
2
are complex.
Define the following constants:




This solution is underdamped.
( ) t A t A e t i
d d
t
c
e e
o
sin cos ) (
2 1
+ =

0
e o =
2
0
1 e e =
d
ECE201 Lect-21 21
Underdamped
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-05 1.00E-05 3.00E-05
t
i
(
t
)
ECE201 Lect-21 22
Real Equal Roots
If , = 1, s
1
and s
2
are real and equal.



This solution is critically damped.

t t
c
te K e K t i
0 0
2 1
) (
e e
+ =
ECE201 Lect-21 23
Example
This is one possible implementation of the
filter portion of the IF amplifier.
10O
769pF v
s
(t)
i

(t)
159H
+

ECE201 Lect-21 24
More of the Example
dt
t dv
L
t i
LC dt
t di
L
R
dt
t i d
s
) ( 1
) (
1 ) ( ) (
2
2
= + +
) ( ) (
) (
2
) (
2
0 0
2
2
t f t i
dt
t di
dt
t i d
= + + e ,e
For the example, what are , and e
0
?
ECE201 Lect-21 25
Even More Example
, = 0.011
e
0
= 2t455000
Is this system over damped, under damped,
or critically damped?
What will the current look like?
ECE201 Lect-21 26
Example (cont.)
The shape of the current depends on the
initial capacitor voltage and inductor
current.
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-05 1.00E-05 3.00E-05
t
i
(
t
)
ECE201 Lect-21 27
Slightly Different Example
Increase the resistor to 1kO
What are , and e
0
?
1kO
769pF v
s
(t)
i

(t)
159H
+

ECE201 Lect-21 28
More Different Example
, = 2.2
e
0
= 2t455000
Is this system over damped, under damped,
or critically damped?
What will the current look like?
ECE201 Lect-21 29
Example (cont.)
The shape of the current depends on the
initial capacitor voltage and inductor
current.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-06
t
i
(
t
)
ECE201 Lect-21 30
Damping Summary
Roots (s
1
, s
2
) Damping
>1 Real and unequal Overdamped
=1 Real and equal Critically damped
0<<1 Complex Underdamped
ECE201 Lect-21 31
Class Example
Learning Extension E7.9