MIXING AND AGITATION PART 2

Special Agitation Systems Mixing of Powders and Viscous Material Agitator and impeller selection Power Consumption of Agitators

PREVIEW
Mixing and agitation reducing inhomogenity by appliying mechanical forces Almost 99% of process industries applied mixing and agitation as important part of the process (influence the reaction rate, yield and product consistency)

PREVIEW
Detail Objectives of mixing and agitation: Mass transfer in heterogeneous systems
(chemical reaction, solution of solid, extraction, absorption, and adsorption)

Mixing or blending of two liquids Physical change or emulsification

(emulsification of two immiscible liquid)

Heat transfer
(uniformity of temperature)

PREVIEW
Mixing Combinations

Solid into Solid

Mixing of Powder

Gases into Liquid

Dispersion

Gases into Solid

Fluidization, drying

Pharmaceutical direct compression formulation, Plastic compounding, Dry food blending

O2 in fermentation broth, Nitrous gas in water

gasify coal using oxygen, fluidized bed processes for polyethylene, etc

PREVIEW
Mixing Combinations

Liquid into Gases

Spraying

Liquid into Liquid

Disolution, Dispersion, Emulsification

Liquid to Solid
Suspension

Spray towers, Applying coating pharmaceutical tablets

Emulsification for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products

Fiber suspension in paper industry, Flour suspension in noodles industry

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment Rotating impellers: - Vessels
conical, hemispherical, rectanggular, cylindrical

- Baffles - Draft tubes

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment Circulating Pump Systems:
- Vessels
conical, hemispherical, rectanggular, cylindrical

- Centrifugal pump

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment

Reciprocating Paddles:
- Rectanggular Tanks - Paddle / blade
moved back and forth through the tank

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment
Revolving Tanks or Pans:
- Double conical or cylindrical tanks - Static Paddle / blade - Spayer

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment
Air Lift and Air Agitators:
- Tanks - Large diameter tube

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment

Mixing Jet:
- Cylindrical tank - Nozzles

PREVIEW
Type of Agitation Equipment
Static/Inline mixing:
- Pipe - Turbulence promoters, (orifices or baffles) - Centrifugal pumps

AGITATOR SELECTION
Find out the objectives and requirements of the process Analyze the phases involved in the process

SOLID AND PASTE MATERIALS

Cone blenders free-flowing solids.

SOLID AND PASTE MATERIALS

Ribbon blenders dry solids and for blending liquids with solids.

SOLID AND PASTE MATERIALS

Z-blade mixers and pan mixers heavy pastes

SOLID AND PASTE MATERIALS

Most solid and paste mixers are designed for batch operation

BLENDING OF SOLID PARTICLES

In the mixing of solid particles, the following three mechanisms may be involved:
Convective mixing, in which groups of particles are moved from one position to another, Diffusion mixing, where the particles are distributed over a freshly developed interface, and Shear mixing, where slipping planes are formed.

A trough mixer with a ribbon spiral involves almost pure convective mixing, and a simple barrel-mixer involves mainly a form of diffusion mixing.

GAS MIXING
Specialized equipment is seldom needed low viscositiesmix easily. The mixing given by turbulent flow in a length of pipe is usually sufficient for most purposes. Turbulence promoters, such as orifices or baffles, can be used to increase the rate of mixing.

LIQUID MIXING
Several factors in choosing equipment for mixing liquids: Batch of continuous operation. Nature of the process: miscible liquids, preparation of solutions, or dispersion of immiscible liquids. Degree of mixing required. Physical properties of the liquids, particularly the viscosity. Whether the mixing is associated with other operations: reaction, heat transfer.

LIQUID MIXING
For the continuous mixing of low viscosity fluids inline mixers can be used.

For other mixing operations stirred vessels or proprietary mixing equipment will be required.

STIRRED VESSELS
Impeller Selection: 1. type of mixing required, 2. the capacity of the vessel, 3. and the fluid properties, mainly the viscosity

HIGH RE NUMBERLOW VISCOSITY

LOW RE NUMBERVISCOUS FLUID

IMPELLER SELECTION
BASED ON LIQUID VISCOSITY AND TANK VOLUME

REYNOLD NUMBER
for agitation

AGITATOR POWER CONSUMPTION

AGITATOR POWER CONSUMPTION

AGITATOR POWER CONSUMPTION

The shaft power required to drive an agitator can be estimated using the following:
Np = power number P = shaft power (ft-lb force/s) = fluid density (lb/ft3) n = agitator speed (rps) Di = impeller diameter (ft) gc = gravitational acc. (32,174 lbm-ft/lbf-s2)

Using FIG. 477 Brown

AGITATOR POWER CONSUMPTION

For systems in the use is not geometrically similar, the correction can be done by considering the following: - liquid depth - tank diameter

TASK
Estimate the power required by a three bladed marine propeller with pitch 15 in same as the propeller diameter. The propeller rotating at 300 rpm in 30 per cent sodium hydroxide solution in unbaffled tank of 10 ft diameter and 8 ft liquid depth. The spesific grafity of sodium hydroxide is 80,9 lb/ft3 and its vicosity is 0.009 lb mass/ftsec.

SOLUTION
1. Write down the known variables, and check the consistency of the unit 2. Calculate the table (FIG. 477 Brown) parameters ( Dt/Di; Zl/Di) 3. Determine the curve number 4. Calculate Reynold number 5. Read Np from FIG. 477 Brown 6. Calculate P 7. Calculate the corrected P based on the geometry