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We are committed to total Customer Satisfaction and have developed a documented Quality Management System which ensures that :
- Agreed specifications are adhered to. - Relevant National and International Standards are applied.
- The materials which we use and companies which we buy from, meet specified requirements. - Every Metito employee does what is expected of him - first time and every time - and concentrates on recognising and meeting his customers needs - Our products and services remain competitive, while offering the best available technology.
Module 5.1
WATER DESALINATION
BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
OVERVIEW
Salt Content of different water sources : Brackish Water Sea Water Drinking Water Standards
Salt Content
Low Salinity Water (TDS < 500 mg/l) - Rivers - Springs - Deep Wells Brackish Water (TDS 500 - 16,000 mg/l) Heavy Brackish (TDS 16,000 - 30,000 mg/l) Sea Water (TDS > 30,000 mg/l)
Na+ Cl-
H 2O
Na+ Cl-
Na+ Cl-
Na+
H 2O
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Pure Water
Salt Solution
Semi-permeable membrane
Pure Water
Salt Solution
Semi-permeable membrane
Negative LSI CaCO3 tends to dissolve Positive LSI CaCO3 tends to precipitate
(mCa2+)b(mSO42-)b
Precipitation Occurs Solution is unsaturated Solution saturated (equilibrium) 0.8 Ksp
IPb > Ksp IPb < Ksp IPb = Ksp Guideline IPb
Suspended Solids - Removable by Settling Colloids - not removable by settling - Negative charges on surface - stable in water - In R.O. process colloids concentrate at surface of membrane with salts - Leads to colloid de-stabilisation - Colloids coagulate & foul membrane
SDI = [100(1-(ti/tf))] tt
Where
tt = total test time in minutes (usually 15) ti = initial test time in sec. To fill 500 ml sample tf = time in sec. to fill 500 ml sample after 15 min.
Chlorination prior to filtration stage Water must be de-chlorinated prior to reaching membranes.
Most common is iron. Frequently encountered in water in Ferrous (Fe2+) form. In presence of Oxygen, Fe2+ (soluble) oxidized to Fe3+ (insoluble). Aluminium can precipitate as Aluminium Hydroxide.
= = = = = = = =
flow rate through membrane permeability coefficient membrane surface area membrane thickness differential pressure across membrane osmotic pressure differential temperature effect membrane flux decline effect
Qf = Qp + Qb
Where : Qf Qp Qb = = = feed flow rate permeate flow rate brine flow rate (reject)
Y = Qp/ Qf
Where Y Qp Qf = = = recovery (conversions) permeate flow rate feed flow rate.
CF = Qf/ Qb
Where CF Qb Qf
= = = concentration factor brine flow rate (reject) feed flow rate
CF = 1 / (1 - Y)
Where CF = Y =
concentration factor recovery (conversions)
Check that ..
Chlorine in feed is zero Iron in feed is less than 0.05 mg/l SDI of feed water is less than 3 TDS of feed water is within R.O. Design Criteria
Feed Water
Permeate
Brine
Y = Qp/Qf
Module - Cleaning
4. Different Cleaning Chemicals
Detergent to remove colloidal foulants. Citric acid to remove iron oxide. Formaldehyde for biological control.
REVERSE OSMOSIS
IMPORTANCE OF FLUSHING
Corrosion rates of stainless steel elements in stagnant water are very high. Antiscalant, if used, produces a metastable state with respect to precipitation of sparingly soluble salts. Upon shutdown, precipitation can occur within four hours if the permeators are not flushed.
REVERSE OSMOSIS
IMPORTANCE OF FLUSHING
Upon shutdown, reverse osmosis process will cease and natural osmosis will occur. Water flows from the fibre bore to the fibre feedbrine side. If an adequate volume of permeate water at positive pressure (draw-back tank) is not supplied, fibre dehydration will occur.
KSA - Jeddah
2,270
1983
Malta - Marsa
Bahrain - Ras Abu Jarjur
5,680
45,420
1983
1984
7
7
Cost Comparison R.O. vs. Distillation Capital and Total Water Cost
Location
Type Capital Cost US$/m3/day
Middle East
RO 1,673 MSF 2,637 MED 2,760 RO 1,005
U.S.A.
MSF 2,719 MED 2,479
1.58
1.45
1.02
1.87
1.47