The Artificial Blood

NANOBOTS

Submitted By............

R. SINIVASAN AND U.SHAIK MEERA EEE (III YEAR) Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College Pondicherry

NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale.

NANOBOTS
Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometres (109 meters). Nanorobots are tiny nanoscale devices that may be used to perform a variety of tasks very accurately and in lesser time. A nanobot is therefore a very tiny robot that you would need a microscope to see.

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

ARTIFICIAL BLOOD
A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogates) is a substance used to mimic and fulfil some functions of biological blood, usually in the oxygen-carrying sense. They aim to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or bloodbased products from one person into another.

RED BLOOD CELLS

ARTIFICIAL RED BLOOD CELLS

RESPIROCYTES
DEFINITION: A respirocytes is a engineering design for a machine that cannot be built with current technology. An artificial red cell in micron diameter. Respirocytes function as artificial red blood cells, carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules through the body.

NEED FOR RESPIROCYTES

Although early respirocytes will be used for emergency respiratory functions, they may eventually lead to permanent replacement for natural red blood cells. Temporary respirocytes would be extremely effective in saving lives, but do have limitations. Permanent substitution would greatly increase the energy efficiency of the human body and the safety of everyday life. This may be the ultimate legacy of respirocytes.

CONSTRUCTION OF RESPIROCYTES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Pressure Vessels Molecular Sorting Rotors Sorting Rotor Binding Sites Device Scaling Buoyancy Control Using Water Ballast

PRESSURE VESSELS
Spherical, Flawless diamond or sapphire 1000atm optimal gas molecule packing density Discharge time very less - <2 minutes Recharging with O2 from lungs Respiratory gas equilibrium more CO2 Provide additional tankage for CO2 Means for gas loading and unloading

MOLECULAR SORTING ROTORS

Binding site pockets rims 12 arms Selective binding Eject cam action Fully reversible load and unload 7nm x 14nm x 14nm 2 x 10-21 kg Sorts molecules of 20 or fewer atoms 106 molecules/ sec

MOLECULAR SORTING ROTORS

MOLECULAR SORTING ROTORS

Power saving generator subsystem 90% occupancy of rotor binding sites Multi-stage cascade virtually pure gases

DESIGN OF RESPIRATORY GAS CARRIERS

Sorting Rotors binding sites O2, CO2, Water, Glucose Device Scaling On-board computer 58nm diameter sphere 37.28% of tank surface sorting rotors Reasonable range 0.2 to 2 microns Present study assumes approx. 1 micron Buoyancy control Loading and unloading water ballast Very useful exfusion from blood Example specialized centrifugation apparatus

EQUATORIAL CUTAWAY VIEW OF RESPIROCYTES

WORKING OF RESPIROCYTES
The average human body has 28.5 trillion RBC, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin.Only 25% of stored oxygen is accessible to the tissues. Each respirocyte stores up to 1.51 billion oxygen molecules, 100% of which are accessible to the tissues.

HOW RESPIROCYTES SAVES LIFE

Respirocytes are filled with oxygen. In emergency situation they can be injected directly into the bloodstream. They do not move by their own power, but carried along in the bloodstream like natural erythrocytes. Once the respirocytes have dispersed they begin releasing oxygen and collecting carbon dioxide.

RELIABILITY OF RESPIPROCYTES
Respirocytes are extremely reliable. If a malfunction of power plants occurs while the respirocyte is in bloodstream, its temperature won't rise at all. Each device contains up to 0.24 micron of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas at 1000 atm pressure, representing 24 picojoules of stored mechanical energy. If the device explodes in air, there is no acoustic shock wave. Collisions with respirocytes or their spinning sorting rotors are unlikely to cause physical damage to other cells.

APPLICATIONS
Transfusions Treatment of Anemia Respiratory Diseases Underwater breathing Anaerobic and aerobic infections Veterinary medicine

CONCLUSION