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branch of history which looked at literature for evidence about the economic and political events going on at the time at which the works were produced

19th-century criticism

Classical and medieval criticism

Enlightenment criticism

Renaissance criticism The New Criticism

 existed

for as long as literature Poetics developed for the first time the concepts of mimesis and catharsis, which are still crucial in literary study. Plato's attacks on poetry as imitative, secondary, and false were formative as well. Around the same time, Bharata Muni, in his Natya Shastra, wrote literary criticism on ancient Indian literature and Sanskrit drama.

Plato: Ion, Republic, Cratylus Aristotle: Poetics, Rhetoric Horace: Art of Poetry Longinus: On the Sublime Plotinus: On the Intellectual Beauty St. Augustine: On Christian Doctrine Boethius: The Consolation of Philosophy Aquinas: The Nature and Domain of Sacred Doctrine Dante: The Banquet, Letter to Can Grande Della Scala Boccaccio: Life of Dante, Genealogy of the Gentile Gods Bharata Muni: Natya Shastra

 Developed

classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary neoclassicism, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition. The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498, with the recovery of classic texts, most notably, Giorgio Valla's Latin translation of Aristotle's Poetics

 Lodovico

Castelvetro: The Poetics of Aristotle Translated and Explained Philip Sidney: An Apology for Poetry Jacopo Mazzoni: On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante Torquato Tasso: Discourses on the Heroic Poem Francis Bacon: The Advancement of Learning Henry Reynolds: Mythomystes

 Movement

in 18th century Europe that emphasized the importance of human thought and science rather than religious belief.

Thomas Hobbes: Answer to Davenant's preface to Gondibert Pierre Corneille: Of the Three Unities of Action, Time, and Place John Dryden: An Essay of Dramatic Poesy Nicolas Boileau-Despraux: The Art of Poetry John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Dennis: The Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism Joseph Addison: On the Pleasures of the Imagination (Spectator essays) Giambattista Vico: The New Science

 The

British Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new aesthetic ideas to literary study, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the sublime.

 German

Romanticism, which followed closely after the late development of German classicism, emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature, and valued Witz that is, "wit" or "humor" of a certain sort more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism.

William Wordsworth: Preface to the Second Edition of Lyrical Ballads Anne Louise Germaine de Stal: Literature in its Relation to Social Institutions Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling: On the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Shakespeare's Judgment Equal to His Genius, On the Principles of Genial Criticism, The Statesman's Manual, Biographia Literaria Wilhelm von Humboldt: Collected Works John Keats: letters to Benjamin Bailey, George & Thomas Keats, John Taylor, and Richard Woodhouse

 Early

in the century the school of criticism known as Russian Formalism, and slightly later the New Criticism in Britain and America, came to dominate the study and discussion of literature.

Benedetto Croce: Aesthetic A. C. Bradley: Poetry for Poetry's Sake Sigmund Freud: Creative Writers and Daydreaming Ferdinand de Saussure: Course in General Linguistics Claude Lvi-Strauss: The Structural Study of Myth T. E. Hulme: Romanticism and Classicism; Bergson's Theory of Art Walter Benjamin: On Language as Such and On the Language of Man Viktor Shklovsky: Art as Technique

BELLE AJNEE NISAQ ZAKI