Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Navigational Chart
Lines of Longitude are lines drawn from North to South. The Prime Meridian is the lines of Longitude and is recognized by angle of 0. All lines of Longitude are known as Meridians. Lines of Longitude are drawn from 1 to 179 E and 1 to 179 W. Lines of Latitude are lines drawn from East to West. The Equator which is 0 is a good example of Line of Latitude. Lines of Latitude can be drawn up to 90 S and 90 N.
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Terrestrial Magnetism
The earth behaves as though it contains a cylindrical bar magnet. The magnetic poles are about 90 miles away from true or geographical poles. Its north pole in the southern hemisphere and south pole in the northern hemisphere. A freely suspended compass needle or bar magnet aligns itself parallel to the earths magnetic field. The compass needle will stand vertical at the poles and horizontal at the equator. The magnetic meridian is the direction in horizontal plane of the freely Malaysian Institute of Aviation only Technology suspended compass needle influenced by the earths magnetic field. The angle of dip is the angle between the horizontal and a freely suspended compass needle influenced only by the earths magnetic field.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Terrestrial Magnetism

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Definitions
ACLINIC LINE (magnetic equator) The line along which all points have zero dip. ISOCLINAL The line along which all points have equal dip. ISOGONAL A line on the surface of the earth along which all points Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology have the same variation. AGONIC LINE A line on the surface of the earth along which all points have nil variation.

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Variation
Also known as Magnetic Declination - The angle between magnetic north and true north at a particular location. Isogonic Line A line on a chart connecting points of equal magnetic variation - easterly or westerly. Agonic An imaginary line on the earth's surface connecting points where the variation is zero.

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Deviation
The angular difference between magnetic heading and compass heading due to magnetic influences in or near aircraft caused by surrounding metals and electrical accessories. It is called Easterly (positive deviation) or Westerly (negative Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology deviation). Corrected by adjusting compensator magnet and residual deviation on compass correction card or steer by card.

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass
To indicate the aircraft heading with respect to Magnetic North. It is a north seeking device. Magnetic attraction to the earths magnetic field. Commonly used compass on aircraft are: Direct reading compass or magnetic compass also called standby compass if it is not used as a primary heading reference. Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Remote indicating compass or slave compass.

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Magnetic Compass
A self contain instrument that did not require external source. A freely suspended bar magnet will have one of it end pointing to magnetic North. In flight when aircraft changes heading, the compass casing will moves according to aircraft direction. The compass remain stationary Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology and a new heading will be viewed on the compass card. the lubber line is to reduce parallax error.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Magnetic Compass
A compass card or float which is mounted on jeweled bearing. It has numbers and direction markings so that the magnetic heading of the aircraft can be read from the instrument. The case is filled with a light oil (refined kerosene) which dampens float motion and lubricates the bearing. A diaphragm or bellows accommodates thermal expansion and contraction. The compensator is two small moveable magnets used to adjust the compass for deviation error. The lubber line is a marker against which readings are taken.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Remote Indicating Compass

A heading indicator that is fitted onto the instrument panel. It is not a self contain device. Heading information is slave to the flux valve or directional gyro. Flux valve which sense the earths magnetic field are Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology located at a remote area of the aircraft where there is least magnetic disturbances. The heading indicator is called Gyro Compass or Slave

Compass.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Remote Indicating compass

Consist of: Flux valves/flux gates Located where there is least interference of magnetic deviation. It sensed the direction of the earth magnetic field. Directional gyro unit To provide heading signal to the compass system base on gyroscopic rigidity. Slaving amplifier To slave the directional gyro to the flux valve when it is in compass mode. Servo amplifier To detect any Malaysian errors and feed to servo network to balance the Institute of Aviation Technology circuit. Heading indicator Mounted on the instrument panel Compass controller Mode selector switch (DG or Slave) Annunciator (show system synchronization) Set-heading knob (set heading manually) 12

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Slave Compass

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Slave Compass

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Slave Compass

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Horizontal Situation Indicator

Also known as Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) Combine Heading (Slaved Gyro Indicator) with VOR and Glideslope Indicator. Represent aircraft's heading and the aircraft's position in relation to any beacon tuned in on the NAV1 receiver. Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology The Heading bug is triangular and the Course bug is pointed. Warning flag (NAV, HDG, GS) will comes on if system failed.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Horizontal Situation Indicator

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

Its displays magnetic heading and bearing indication in a single indicator. Heading information is from slave compass system. ADF and VOR is from airfield non-directional beacon (NDB). ADF will show direction (to and from) of the designated airfield. VOR will show the exact heading of the designated airfield.

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass and Compensation Definitions

Calibration means the measurement of residual deviations of a compass installed in an aircraft. Compensation means the correction of deviations resulting from magnetism in an aircraft. Deviation means the angle required to be added algebraically to a compass reading to obtain the aircraft magnetic heading. Direct reading compass means a compass which has the magnetic sensing element and heading indication located in the one instrument.
Institute of Aviation Technology Remote indicatingMalaysian compass means a compass system which has the magnetic sensing element located remotely from the indicator(s) together with gyroscopic means to stabilise or smooth the heading indications.

Standby compass means a direct reading compass which is not used as the primary heading reference.
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Compass Swing
Observing the compass reading on different headings of the aircraft. Calculating the deviation errors and determining coefficients. Neutralising the magnetic field of the aircraft by adjusting the compensator devices. Recording any residual deviations. Deviation recorded on the steer by card must not be more Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology than 5 for light aircraft, 3 for large aircraft. Deviation card should be in interval of 30 on light aircraft and 45 for large aircraft.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Condition that required compass swing

After flying through electrical storm or strike by lightning. After any modification, repair or major component change involving magnetic material. Calendar date due. Suspect error reading. After modification in the vicinity of flux detector. Electrical/radio installation in vicinity of flux detector. Whenever a compass been subjected to shock. After magnetic crack detection check. Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology After ferrying freight load of magnetic influence. Aircraft has been in long term storage. Whenever the sphere of operation of the aircraft is changed to one of difference magnetic latitude.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Preparation before Swinging

To be carried out on a Compass Rose or Compass Base. area free from any magnetic interference. Aircraft operator and airport authority are responsible to do survey. Set aircraft to level flight condition. engine running control surfaces to be in normal straight and level flight electrical equipments switched on radio, instruments, pitot tube heater cockpit area to be free from any magnetic material. Institute of Aviation Technology Technician involvedMalaysian will be free from magnetic material items on their body. Non-magnetic tool to be use when adjusting compass compensator.

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass Swing Procedure

Datum compass should be align with aircraft longitudinal axis at a distance of 50 150 feet. Sighting of aircraft longitudinal axis is indicated by two plumb bobs suspended fore and aft of the fuselage or by referring to vertical stabiliser. On compass rose, align the plumb bob or vertical stabiliser with the marked line. Aircraft heading on the cardinal and quadrantal points offset by 5 deg is allowed. Before taking compass reading, allow short pause between each heading and tapped compass gently. Records all reading Malaysian on a proper record forms. Institute of Aviation Technology Adjust coefficient C, B, A Deviation card to be raised. Detail of aircraft type and registration, compass type and serial number, place and date to be recorded on the back. Compass swing to be recorded in the aircraft log book.
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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass Rose

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass Rose

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass Rose

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Compass Swing Gears

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Tail Window stile Prism

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

To read the reference compass, position the compass so that the window style and the vertical stabilizer line up with the compasses lubber line. Make sure the reference compass is adjusted horizontally before reading.
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Compass Swing Cardinal and Quadrantal Points

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Deviation Compensation and Recording

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Steer by Card (Large Aircraft)

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Steer by Card (Small Aircraft)

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

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