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Respirasi: Kuncoro Puguh S
Respirasi: Kuncoro Puguh S
Respirasi: Kuncoro Puguh S
KUNCORO PUGUH S
RESPIRASI
VENTILASI PARU : Proses keluar / masuknya udara dari atm ke alveolus DIFUSI GAS : Difusi O2 &CO2 alv darah TRANSPOR GAS : Transpor O2 & CO2 alv darah PENGATURAN VENTILASI :
FUNGSI RESPIRASI
1. 2. 3. 4.
UTAMA : Membawa O2 sampai ke jaringan & mengambil CO2 dari jaringan SEKUNDER : Regulasi keasaman cairan ekstrasel Pengendalian suhu Eliminasi air Fonasi
The Respiratory System The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular
system to exchange gases between the air and blood (external respiration) and between blood and tissue fluids (internal respiration). Inspiration and expiration move air in and out of the lungs during breathing. Cellular respiration is the final destination where ATP is produced in cells.
Respiration
Physiological process by which oxygen
moves into an animals internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration Carbon dioxide is produced by same
Pressure Gradients
Concentration gradients for gases
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure exerted by the weight of the air
on objects on Earths surface At sea level = 760 mm Hg Oxygen is 21% of air; its partial pressure is about 160 mm Hg
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
As animal size increases, surface-to-volume
ratio decreases
Small, flat animals can use the body surface
Ventilasi Paru
Anatomi & Fisiologi Hidung Pharing Laring Trachea Bronchus Bronchiolus Bronchiolus terminalis Bronchiolus Respiratorius Duktus alveolaris Saccus alveolaris Keterangan : Zona konduksi Zona transisional & Respirasi
HIDUNG
Bulu rambut :
Fungsi sbg filter ( 10 - 15m) Sinus : Membentuk ruang berkelok-kelok & pembuluh darah >> Fungsi untuk menjaga kelembaban dan suhu agar sesuai dengan tubuh
Sinusitis
Pada Kuda yang menderita penyakit gigi
terutama pada rahang bagian atas Pada Sapi yang mengalami dehorning (pemotongan tanduk)
makanan Digunakan sebagai indikator hewan bila mengalami penyakit yang kronis, nostril bersisik dan kering
Pharing
Pada Primata dan mamalia terdapat tiga
Laring
Tempat pembentukan suara
Speech Production
Vocal cords stretch
across laryngeal opening; opening between them is glottis Position of cords is varied to create different sounds
Vocal Folds
TRACHEA - BRONCHUS
Tulang rawan berbentuk U dan Otot polos Mucociliary escalator bergetar 1000-1500 X/min sbg filter < 10
Trachea
ALVEOLUS
Mempunyai makrophag
fungsi untuk menurunkan tegangan permukaan paru, diproduksi sel alveolar tipe II
Fish Gills
Most commonly
FISH GILL
water flows over gills, then out
Countercurrent Flow
Blood flow runs in the
respiratory surface
Vertebrate Lungs
Originated in some
reptile
Avian Respiration
Lungs are
inelastic and connect to a series of air sacs Air is drawn continually though each lung
air sacs
Sistem sirkulasi
Darah dari seluruh tubuh hewan akan melalui
sistem sirkulasi kecil yaitu Atrium kanan -> Ventrikel kanan -> a. pulmonalis -> kapiler pulmonalis -> v. pulmonalis -> atrium kiri -> ventrikel kiri -> seluruh tubuh
OTOT RESPIRASI
INSPIRASI ( HISAP )
Diaphragma
M. Intercostalis eksterna M. Sternocleidomastoideus EKSPIRASI (HEMBUS ) M. Intercostalis interna Musculus abdominal
pharynx to the alveoli, and the lungs lie within the sealed-off thoracic cavity. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the rib cage and diaphragm. Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity and lungs and the intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, keeping the lobules of the lungs from collapsing.
Tracheobronchial Tree
Inspiration
When we inhale (inspiration) impulses from the
respiratory center in the medulla oblongata cause the rib cage to rise and the diaphragm to lower, causing the thoracic cavity to expand. The negative pressure or partial vacuum in the alveoli causes the air to come in. Changing amounts of blood of CO2 and H+ increase breathing rate.
Inhalation
Diaphragm flattens External intercostal muscles
contract Volume of thoracic cavity increases Lungs expand Air flows down pressure gradient into lungs
from the respiratory center allow the rib cage to lower and diaphragm to resume dome shape. Expiration is passive, while inspiration is active. The elastic recoil of the lungs causes expiration. A deep breath causes alveoli to stretch; stretch receptors then inhibit the respiratory center.
relax Thoracic cavity recoils Lung volume decreases Air flows down pressure gradient and out of lungs
Active Exhalation
Muscles in the abdomen and the internal
Jumlah udara yang menempati petak-petak saluran pernafasan Contoh : Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume
Kapasitas paru
Penjumlahan dua atau lebih dari volume paru Contoh : Inspiratory Capacity Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Total Lung Capacity
Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur SPIROMETER
Cattle Holstein cows Jersey cows Clinical index Horse Thoroughbred Clinical Index Dog
516 405 -
Resting Anesthetized Pentobarbital anesthesia Pentobarbital anesthesia Pentobarbital anesthesia Anesthetized Pentobarbital anesthesia Anesthetized
Dairy Calf
Swine Dog
Cat
Sheep
DEAD SPACE
DEAD SPACE ANATOMIS
Ruang yang secara anatomis tidak ada pertukaran gas DEAD SPACE FISIOLOGIS Ruang yang secara anatomis tidak ada pertukaran gas ditambah alveoli yang tidak berfungsi karena difusi atau pembululuh kapiler -
MINUTE VOLUME
Volume udara yang terdapat dalam saluran
pernafasan permenit pada pernafasan biasa (TV) TV X Frekuensi pernafasan ex : 500 ml X 12 /min = 6000ml/min
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
(TV - DEAD SPACE ) X FREKUENSI
PERNAFASAN / MIN
Ex : ( 500 ml - 150 ml ) X 12 / min = 4200 ml/min
DIFUSI GAS
Dipengaruhi oleh : 1. Tebal membran : semakin tebal akan semakin sulit 2. Luas permukaan membran : semakin luas semakin cepat 3. Koefisien difusi : kecepatan difusi melalui daerah tertentu pd jarak & perbedaan tertentu ex. O2=1,0 ;CO2=20,3 ;CO=0,81 ;N2=0,53 ;He=0,95 4. Gradien tekanan :bergerak dari tek. tinggi ke tek. rendah
Respiratory Membrane
Area between an
alveolar epithelium capillary endothelium
TRANSPOR GAS
Transpor O2
Oxygen Transport
Most oxygen is carried bound to
hemoglobin in red blood cells Hemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen when it is at high partial pressure (in pulmonary capillaries) Lower affinity for oxygen in tissues, where partial pressure is low
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Bicarbonate Formation
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
carbonic acid
HCO3 + H+
bicarbonate
Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate Some binds to hemoglobin Small amount dissolves in blood
O2 bound to Hb
% Saturasi Hb =
X 100%
O2 Capacity of Hb
KIRI
NORMAL
KANAN
100 PaO2
REGULASI PERNAFASAN
Pusat pernafasan
Diatur oleh sekelompok neuron yang terletak dalam substasia retikularis dari medulla oblongata dan pons
CHEMORESEPTOR
ARTERIAL : Pada Arcus Aorta & A. Carotis
CO2 meningkat
H2 menurun O2 menurun Central : di otak Karena CO2 dpt melewati sawar otak (Blood Brain
Barrier System)
Control of Breathing
Nervous system controls rhythm and
Modifying Respiration
Beberapa Istilah
Cyanosis : kebiruan pd kulit yg disebabkan oleh
jumlah Hb yg terdeoksigenasi meningkat di dlm p. drh kulit ( terutama kapiler) Eupnea : pernapasan normal Tachipnea : pernapasan cepat Bradypnea : pernapasan lambat Hipoksia : kekurangan oksigen di jaringan Hipoksemia : kekurangan oksigen di dalam darah
Bronchitis
Irritation of the ciliated epithelium that lines
the cause
Excess mucus causes coughing, can harbor
bacteria
Chronic bronchitis scars and
constricts airways
Emphysema
An irreversible breakdown in
alveolar walls Lungs become inelastic May be caused by a genetic defect Most often caused by smoking
Fig. 15.11