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Microorganisms are Very Small

Biggest
FUNGI

Smallest BACTERIA VIRUSES

(On a needle)

When millions of them grow in one place then you can see them

Colonies of Bacteria and Fungi growing in an agar plate. Agar jelly is their food.

Some microorganisms are Pathogenic Pathogenic means they cause diseases

Athletes foot, Thrush Smallpox , Flu Tuberculosis, Cholera Fungal Viral Bacterial
If you are infected with one of these you will show symptoms: E.g. runny nose, high temp, spots, sneezing etc.

Some diseases are caused by the things we do: Over eating, cigarettes, alcohol, drugs These are called LIFESTYLE diseases: Obesity, Heart disease, lung cancer. Remember: YOU can change your lifestyle

How do bacteria Grow? Real Fast !!!

Just give them: WARMTH FOOD WATER (Not O2)
1 cell 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 - In just 3 Hrs

------------ And it looks like this ------------Growth rate = death rate

(running out of food or too much excretory products)

Getting used to their Petri dish food supply

Rapid growth
Lots of food, water, warmth and space

More dying than growing

Time

So why dont we get ill all the time?

Skin, antiseptic tears, mucus in our nose and windpipe, stomach acid, hairs & earwax all stop them getting in to our body. And if that doesnt stop them White Blood Cells from our immune system will:

Thats me, the white one

The Immune System

Its me your friendly neighbourhood white blood cell again. This is how we kill microbes 1. We find them, surround them and digest them, BURP! (phagocytosis) AND
2. Some of us make chemicals called antibodies that stick to microbes. Each microbe has antigens ( molecules on their surface). Antibodies recognise the shape of each different antigen & stick to them. Death follows
Arghhh

Foreign blood cell being attacked

Antimicrobials
Any substance that inhibits (slows or stops) the growth of bacteria, fungi or bacteria,

Eg: antibiotics, vaccines, antiseptics

OK, but what if Im too sick and my immune system isnt stopping them?
If its a bacteria take a course of antibiotics And dont stop just because you feel better And you might experience side effects, even death!! And, they might kill all your good microbes.
SO WHAT, THE ONLY GOOD MICROBE IS A DEAD MICROBE

If a fungus is left it will have as much food, space and water as it wants. And what next? GROWTH -- Itch Itch Scratch Scratch -And this arrow is NOT pointing at your feet
Better get the bio yoghurt out

Ahh, thats better

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Superbugs MRSA These are all the exactly the same thing, NASTY bacteria that cannot be killed by Antibiotics
Why are they so common?

People take ABs for colds & flu People dont finish the course
click for video

Final resistant population

Its just normal variation, natural selection & mutations

ALMOST FORGOT: Antibiotics dont kill VIRUSES

Ive had chickenpox, why cant I catch it again? Because youre now immune to it silly 1. First Infection How does that happen?
Antibodies attach to nasty microbes & kill them WBC make antibodies

I think Im dying!

2. If there is a second similar Infection

Me again Yeh and I remember you cos Im a memory cell

Once killed, the WBCs become MEMORY CELLS which remember the microbes antigens

The differences between 1 & 2 are: 1. Antibodies are made slowly and you may feel ill before all the MOs are all killed 2. Antibodies are made really fast and you dont get ill at all. You are IMMUNE

Zap Bang Wallop!

Im dead!

This is what an Immune Response looks like

Memory cells become active

Pathogen rapidly destroyed

Antibody numbers

Memory cells created here

First encounter with pathogen

Second encounter with pathogen

Vaccines & Vaccinations

A vaccination make you immune from a disease A vaccine contains either: A dead MO, parts of a MO, or a weakened MO WHY? They ALL contain the MOs antigens/markers They all lead to memory cells being made
Some Problem Microbes Flu Virus mutates rapidly (changes its antigens) HIV virus Attacks the immune system and also mutates rapidlyvery NASTY
MO

MO Original antigens

New antigens

Can you describe what's happening in the picture? When you have written your 5 descriptions, check your answers on the next slide. No peeking!
5. what about memory cells? 1.

No Peeking until you have completed the first slide

1. Vaccine containing weakened, dead pathogen or parts of it. Each of these has the pathogens antigens (markers). All induce an immune response

4. Antibodies attach to the pathogens antigens (markers). They neutralise the pathogen or attract phagocytotic WB Cells

2. Sometimes there are side effects 3.White Blood cells produce antigens which match the pathogens antigens (markers) 5. Special White Blood Cells called memory cells are produced so when you come in contact with the real pathogen they REMEMBER IT and produce antibodies SO FAST you dont get sick; this is immunity.

Drug Safety
Taking any drug involves some risk & we all react differently cos we are all genetically different
Side effects can be minor, severe or even cause death Vaccinations have risks too, but the risk to the individual is outweighed by the benefits to the rest of the population.

If 95% of the public are vaccinated it stops a disease from spreading and can lead to its eradication (disappearance) Smallpox has been completely eradicated over the whole world

Testing Drugs
Drugs are tested for safety (side effects) and effectiveness (does it work?) Testing involves 3 stages: On human cells (relatively cheap & quick and may indicate how safe it is) On animals (gives information on safety and effectiveness) On people in a clinical trial (gives info on dosage, side effects)
Issues with Drug Tests Can take 10 years to get a new drug to market VERY expensive: staff & clinical trials, salaries, looking after animals, hospital & lab costs, security Ethical issues with using live animals Ethical issues with testing it on humans, especially if a placebo is involved. Must be approved & licensed by the government

Clinical or Human Trials

Open label: Everyone knows who has the drug Blind: Only the doctors know who has the drug
Increasingly more reliable results (less risk of bias)

Double Blind: No one knows who has the drug

Running a Clinical Trial

Trials have to be designed scientifically to be fair & reliable tests
Participants put in to two groups

Participants chosen randomly (increases reliability)

One group gets the drug the other no drug, (the control group) A control group allows the groups/drugs effect to be compared If its a totally new drug the control group has a placebo A placebo looks exactly like the real drug but contains no drug

Placebos raise ethical issues; if the new drug may cure a serious
disease and does work, people in the control group may die

The Circulatory System

The heart is made of muscle cells. Every cell needs oxygen and glucose to make energy (respiration) The blood transports oxygen and glucose to every cell Blood leaves the heart under high pressure and returns under low pressure
Veins carry blood into the heart Arteries carry blood away from the heart Coronary arteries supply heart cells with blood

Why Do Arteries and Veins Look Different?

Arteries carry blood at HIGH pressure, thick walls prevent them bursting, elastic fibres allow them to stretch and go back to their normal shape Veins carry blood at LOW pressure so only thin walls are needed. They also have valves which prevent blood moving backwards
thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres

ARTERY
thick outer layer

thin outer wall

VEIN
thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

Capillaries, tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen & food to cells & remove carbon dioxide from cells

Bad Lifestyle = Increased Risk of a Heart Attack

Risk factors: Smoking, lack of exercise, high salt/fat diet & family history
1. Bad lifestyle 2. Build up of fat in artery 3. Blood flow is now reduced to the heart muscle cells

A heart attack animation

heart attack simple version

4. Cells now starved of oxygen 5. Heart muscle cells begin to die

6. Heart attack takes place

Homeostasis & Control Systems

Your body needs to keep conditions inside your body the same - otherwise you will feel ill & be ill THIS IS CALLED HOMEOSTASIS REMEMBER IT! What needs to be kept under control? Levels of: glucose, water, salt, urea, CO2 & O2 -Also: temperature, pH & blood pressure The underlined ones are in this syllabus

An incubator has to control a babies temperature just like your body

Temperature sensor
Thermostat Set at 37oC

Heater This is the control system sequence Temperature drops below 37oC Sensor detects drop & messages thermostat Thermostat messages heater to switch on Temperature rises to 37oC Temperature rises above 37oC Sensor detects the rise & messages thermostat Thermostat messages heater to switch off Temperature drops And the cycle continues A typical homeostasis graph 37oC

Control System Terms/Sequence

Stimulus A factor that changes (e.g. Temp rises) Receptor (sensor) - Detects the change Processing Centre Decides the action to be taken Effector Produces the response Response - The change produced (e.g. Temp drops) Negative Feedback Part of a control system that reverses changes to bring them back to normal. Allows a quicker response & keeps the value closer to the normal value You should be able to recognise these in an incubator and in the kidney/water control system

Water Control
Remember Water IN = Water OUT IN: drinks, food, respiration OUT: Urine, faeces, breathing, sweating (exercise is dehydrating) All of these effect the amount of water in the blood plasma and the kidney controls it.

ADH, the Kidney& Water Control

Detected by water receptors in the processing centre (brain)

Stimulus

Pituitary Gland Effector

(brings about the response)

Response: Less pee, blood water increases

Stimulus
Detected by water receptors in the processing centre (brain)

Response: More pee, blood water decreases

Pituitary
Gland Effector (brings about the response)

Learn all the key words and understand how the flow chart works

Drugs and ADH Learn This

Alcohol makes people pee a lot of dilute urine by lowering ADH production They become dehydrated
Ecstasy does the opposite Increases ADH production Therefore, stops you peeing So, ecstasy users should not drink too much water, they will dilute their blood too much and pass out. OR WORSE!!

Not Yet or not fully covered in this resource

Epidemiological Studies (disease causes and their transmission) Correlations The scientific method Risks and benefits (to individuals and society) Ethics
AND FINALLY, THE LAST SLIDE

AND
Dont forget to do as many past papers as you can. Check your answers using the mark schemes And if youre aiming for an A* or B go through each line of the syllabus/specification (find it on the OCR web site)

Good Luck