Chapter 10

Data Link Control Protocols

Agenda
Definition Functions Attributes Concepts Types Conversion

Definition
Protocols: set of rules or guidelines for communication between DTEs Data link protocol: rules for operating the circuit and sending message over it

Functions
Communication startup Character identification and framing Message identification Line control Error control Termination

Data Link Protocols Attributes

Transparency (DTE any bit pattern as data) Code independence Efficiency (control codes)

Protocol Concepts
Line Access
Contention Polling Token passing

Message format

Contention
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) by XEROX For:
Point-to-point circuits Traffic light for multipoint circuits Fast speed of circuit Office application & LAN

Not for
Manufacturing due to inconsistent response time

Polling
Characteristics
One master and slavers Special polling character

Types
Roll call polling (polling list) Fast select polling (several terminals) Hub polling (station to station) Token passing (token)
Token (particular sequence of bits, Free or busy)

Message Format
Start of header (SOH)
Header (Address, sequence, date and time) Start of text (STX)

Text End of text (ETX) or text length Trailer

Block check character (BCC) Synchronization character (SYN)

Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols Characteristics

Start/stop bits Parity checking Character oriented Less expensive and less complicated equipment For personal computers

Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols - I

XMODEM (simple, less reliable error checking) XMODEM-CRC (more reliable) XMODEM-1K (more efficient) YMODEM (reliable, multiple files transfer) YMODEM-G (fast) ZMODEM (fast, good failure recovery) X.PC (pack switching network, multiple sessions on one circuit)

Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols - II

KERMIT (reliable, fast file transfer, PC & mainframe) Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Full-duplex IP over asynchronous dial-up or leased lines No error correction

Point-to-point Protocol (PPP)

PC to a TCP/IP network Full-duplex for synchronous and asynchronous transmission Authentication, compression, error correction, & packet sequencing

Synchronous Data Link Protocols - Classification

Character-oriented protocols
Special character for start and end of message Binary Synchronous Communication Protocol (BSC or BISYNC)

Byte-count-oriented protocols
Special character for start of the header, count field, message, block check character (BCC) DECs Digital Data Communication Message Protocol (DDCMP)

Bit-oriented protocols
Use flag character for start and end of message IBMs Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) ISOs High-Level Data Link control (HDLC)

Binary Synchronous Communications

By IBM For 6-bit transcode (SBT), ASCII, EBCDIC SYN at start and middle of transmission Point to point and multipoint (polling) ARQ approach for error checking (ACK1, ACK0, NAK) Pros:
Transparency and non-transparency modes Efficient, understandable, and widely used Point-to-point & multipoint operations

Cons:
Code dependent Half-duplex protocol Cumbersome for transparency mode

Digital Data Communications Message Protocol (DDCMP)

Usage
Digital Network Architecture (DNA) High-bandwidth and high-latency (satellite) links

Data message and control message Error checking

Use block check character Unique and increasing sequence number for sending message ACK indicates the last message received

Pro:
Efficient at transparency mode Variable length of data Only one control character: SOH Easy implement for full-duplex and message sequence

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) - I

Operating modes
Normal response mode (NRM) for a primary node and one or more secondary modes on a circuit (polling) Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM) for nodes with peers (most used for efficiency with no polling in full duplex) Asynchronous response mode (ARM) for primary and secondary nodes with same transmission right (rarely used) Frames
Supervisory or S format: control acknowledge Unnumbered or U format: (operation mode, start, termination) Information or I format: (data)

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) - I

Flag
01111110 Bit stuffing 0 after five 1s by hardware For synchronization

Other fields
Address field Control field: type of frame, sequence number for information frames Information field: multiple of 8 bits Frame check sequence (FCS) field: error checking

Frame flow
Initialization phase, data transfer phase, and disconnect phase

Other Data Link Control Protocols

Link access procedure, balanced (LAPB)
Full-duplex, point-to-point mode For X.25 DTE and packet switching network

Link access procedure, D-channel (LAPD)

ISDN network

Link access procedure for frame mode bearer service (LAPF)

High-speed packet switching network on low error rate digital circuits

Asynchronous transfer mode

Data transfer on high s-speed, digital, error free network

Protocol Conversion
Methods
Dedicated hardware protocol converters Add-in circuit board protocol converters Software protocol converters Gateway

Functions
Code translation Control characters, format, and error checking

Points to Remember
Definition Functions Attributes Concepts Types Conversion

Discussion
Select proper protocol for the network of a bank state you reasons