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Design Philosophy (Module III)
Design Philosophy (Module III)
Design Philosophy (Module III)
Earthquakes
Around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year,
detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Human activities that produce minor earthquakes:
Storage of large water behind a dam,
Injecting liquid under high pressure into wells
Causes of Earthquakes
Causes of Earthquakes Natural source Man made sources
Tectonic
Controlled sources
Reservoir induce
Mining induced
Cultural noise
Volcanic
Chemical
Plutonic
Nuclear
Land slides
Collapse of cavity
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
rocks adjacent to the fault were bending. These bends disappeared after an earthquake suggesting that the energy stored in bending the rocks was suddenly released during the earthquake.
Elastic Rebound
friction-locked faults. Strain accumulation reaches a threshold and fault slips suddenly Rupture (slip) continues over some portion of the fault. Slip is the distance of displacement along a fault.
Earthquake Engineering
Cross-section of Earth
Though we have explored Space above ground extensively, we could go only about 7.6 miles below ground! Russian geologists started drilling into the Kola Peninsula, near Finland, in 1970 and after 22 years could not proceed further.
(contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe. PT is based on continental drift & developed in early 20th century Lithosphere is broken up into 7-8 major tectonic plates, and numerous smaller plates Tectonic plates move because lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere- Dissipation of heat from the mantle is the source of energy Lateral relative movement of the plates- 0 to 100 mm annually
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLOGY
Earthquake Engineering
FOCUS: The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, or hypocenter EPICENTER: The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter FOCAL DISTANCE: Vertical distance from focus and epicenter
Earthquake Engineering
Three seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
Aftershocks
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a
previous earthquake, the mainshock. It occurs in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If it is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the effects of the main shock They are dangerous - usually unpredictable, can be of a large magnitude, and can collapse buildings that are damaged from the main shock
Earthquake Engineering
Amplitude of the largest wave produced by an event is corrected for distance and assigned a value on an open-ended logarithmic scale
Intensity of earthquakes
Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI) and
MSK scale (Appendix D of Draft IS 1893) Initially developed early last century by Giuseppe Mercalli. Both have twelve levels of intensity
Level I least perceptive Level XII most severe
Earthquake Engineering
Vertical type
Characteristics of an Earthquake
Earthquake Engineering
The waves that causes vibrations on earth are seismic waves Types of seismic waves 1. Body Waves travel through interior 1.1 Primary or "P" Waves: oHighest velocity oCauses compression and expansion 1.2 Secondary or "S" Waves: oSlower than P waves but faster than surface waves. oCauses shearing of rock perpendicular to direction of wave
2. Surface Waves or "Love" (L) Waves oTravel on surface of earth oCause vertical & horizontal shaking oCause maximum damage
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Need: Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate and strong. Average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude 5-5.9 occur in the world, while the number is only about 18 for magnitude 7.0-7.9. What should be done? Should we not design building for earthquake effects ? Or Should we design the building to be earthquake proof for strong but rare earthquake shaking ?
Earthquake Engineering
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Earthquake proof vs Earthquake resistance design: Design of building wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare earthquake shaking is called earthquake proof design. The engineering intention is to make building earthquake resistance, such building resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake.
Earthquake Engineering
damage to the structure < DBE Moderate earthquakes should not cause significant structural damage but could have some non-structural damage = DBE Major and infrequent earthquakes should not cause collapse > MCE Hence design is done for much smaller forces than actual seismic loads. Note that this approach is different than that adopted in the case of wind, dead, live and other loads, where the Earthquake Engineering structure is designed for the actual loads.
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Adequate stiffness
Good ductility Good structural congiuration
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Ductility
It is the capacity of the structure to deform in-
Ductility Consideration
Plain concrete is brittle Steel is ductile R.C. is not ductile Ductile detailing introduces ductile behavior
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Resistant Design of Structures, BIS, New Delhi IS: 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces, BIS, New Delhi IS: 4326:1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings, BIS, New Delhi
Cont.
IS 4326 1993 Earthquake resistant design and construction of building IS 13827 1993 Improving earthquake resistance of earthen building IS 13828 1993 Improving earthquake resistance of low strength masonry bldg IS 13920 1993 Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces IS 13935 1993 Repair and seismic strengthening of buildings
structural damage to shocks of moderate intensities and without total collapse to shocks of high intensities Codes are made for normal structures Site-specific study for special structures It is not the intent of code to provide regulations that the structure shall suffer no damage during earthquake of all magnitudes
collapse
structural redundancy in structures like, Chimneys, Cooling towers, Water towers, Cantilever bridge piers, Core suspended structures
Enormous risk that a possible failure can cause to
Earthquake Engineering
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Design Spectrum
The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah Ah Z I Sa = -------2 R g
Z = Zone factor I = Importance factor R = Response reduction factor Sa / g = Average response acceleration coeff
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Smoothened Elastic Design Acceleration Response Spectrum (SEDRS) for 5% damping. For Steel structures use 2% damping
Earthquake Engineering
Zone Factor ( Z )
This is for earthquake). MCE (maximum considered
The factor 2 in the denominator is used to reduce the factor for DBE (design basis earthquake)
Seismic zone Seismic intensity Z
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II Low 0.10
III
IV
When depth is between ground level & 30 m design horizontal acceleration spectrum value linearly interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah The design acceleration spectrum for vertical motion Av = 2 / 3 Ah
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Spectral Values ( Sa / g )
Spectral values for different soils, having 5% damping is
Type of soil Sa / g Rocky or hard soil 1 + 15 T 2.50 Medium soil For values of T 0.00 to 0.10 0.10 to 0.40
Soft soil
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to to to to to to to
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Importance Factor ( I )
The minimum value of importance factor, I, for different building systems
Sr No 1 2 Structure Important building All other buildings Importance factor (I) 1.5 1.0
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Building A. Ordinary RC moment resisting frame frame (OMRF ), detailed as per IS 456 or IS systems 800 or SP 6 (6) B. Special RC moment resisting frame (SMRF ), detailed as per IS 13920 C. Steel frame a) Concentric braces b) Eccentric braces D. Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 (6)
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Cont.
System Load resisting system Building with shear walls A .Load bearing masonry wall building a) Unreinforced b) Reinforced with horizontal bands as per IS 4326 c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars at corners of rooms and jambs of openings as per IS 4326 B. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls. These are prohibited in zones IV and V C. Ductile shear walls, detailed as per 13920 R 1.5 2.5 3 3 4
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Cont
System Buildings with dual systems Load resisting system A. Ordinary shear wall with OMRF B. Ordinary shear wall with SMRF C. Ductile shear wall with OMRF D. Ductile shear wall with SMRF R 3 4 4.5 5
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Seismic Weight
For each floor = Full DL + LL For the whole building = sum of seismic weights of all floors
The weight of columns and walls to be equally distributed to floors above and below
weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to floors above and below in inverse proportion to its distance.
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I = 1.5 for largely crowded and imp. Buildings, and equal to 1.0 for other buildings.
Earthquake Engineering
VB = Ah W
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value W = Seismic weight of the building
Earthquake Engineering
Adapted from: Newmark, (1970), Current trends in the Seismic Analysis and Design of High Rise Structures, Chapter 16, in Wiegel, (1970), Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, USA.
Earthquake Engineering
be distributed along the height of the building (to the various floor levels) using the following expression:
Earthquake Engineering
After the Base shear is distributed, the frames may be analyzed by any standard computer program to get the internal forces!