Dr N Naidoo

The word ceramic is derived from a Greek word- keramos -which literally means burnt stuff Material produced by burning or firing

 100 BPE- earthenware and stoneware

1375 - Use of porcelain in Europe for ornamental purposes

1723 Pierre Fauchard 1774 Alexis Duchateau and Nicholas de Chemant

1808 Giuseppangelo Fonzi

 1838 Elias Wildman translucency and colour of dental porcelains 1882 Herbst glass inlays 1885 Logan Richmond crown 1886 CH Land first porcelain jacket crown

1890s - EB Spaulding, WA Capon and H Avery- porcelain inlay technique

 1930s Jan Adriaansen- building up porcelain with a brush 1949 concept of vacuum firing was introduced

1950s addition of leucite to porcelain formulations

1956 Becker fusing dental porcelains to gold alloys

 1957 Mclean and Hughes alumina reinforced feldspathic porcelain crowns 1983 Sozio and Riley described the use of shrink free ceramic copings which they formed on epoxy dies 1983 Ivoclar introduced heat pressed leucite reinforced feldspathic porcelain

 1987 CAD/CAM

1988 Zirconia used for medical prosthesis

1990s - 2010 continued progress in ceramics and CAD/CAM technologies

 Biocompatibility Colour stability Ability to be formed into precise shapes Aesthetics wide range of colours and effects

Durability
High wear resistance Stronger in compression than in tension

High melting temperatures

Do not readily conduct heat or electrical stimulus

Micro-structural Classification

Classification by processing technique

Category 1 Glass based systems ( mainly silica)

Powder/liquid based systems Machinable or pressable blocks of glass based systems CAD/CAM or slurry, die processed- mostly crystalline (Alumina or Zirconia

Category 2 Glass based systems ( mainly silica) with fillers Category 3 Crystalline based with glass fillers-mainly alumina

Category 4 Polycrystalline solidsAlumina and Zirconia

 Glass based systems

Glass based systems with fillers

Low to moderate leucite containing feldspathic glass High leucite containing glass Lithium silicate glass ceramic

Crystalline based glass ceramics Polycrystalline solids

 Powder/liquid based systems

Machinable or Pressable blocks of glass based systems

CAD/CAM or Slurry/die-generated

 The concept is to create digital control of procedures with accuracy and reproducibility There a few ways in which you can use it:
Chair-side
Integrated chair-side-laboratory

How to choose??

 Plethora of ceramic systems

Successful application of the materials depends on the clinicians ability to select the appropriate material Good knowledge about cementation and bonding techniques to match aesthetic requirements

 Leucite and feldspathic glass ceramics

Onlays, three quarter crowns, veneers and single anterior crowns

Lithium disilicate glass ceramics

Posterior single crowns, 3 unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs)

Glass infiltrated alumina cores

Single crowns and anterior FPDs (except InCeram Spinell- only anterior crowns)

 Zirconia modified Alumina

Posterior crowns and 3 unit FPDs

Densely sintered Alumina

Veneers, single crowns, anterior FPDs

Zirconia
Posterior crowns, FPDs, implant abutments, implant supported restorations