SHRI DADAJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE KHANDWA ( M.P.

Guided By :Miss. POOJA SHARMA

H.O.D. :Miss. POOJA SHARMA

Submitted By : ANIL MALAKAR

Satellites Overview

Introduction . History Of Satellite Communication. Satellites Working. Satellite Frequency Bands and Antennas. Types of satellites. Factors in satellite communication. Global position system. Advantages & Disadvantages. Reference.

Introduction
An artificial body placed in orbit around the earth or another planet in order to collect information or for communication .Usually the word satellite refer to a machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body. For example :- Earth is a satellite because it orbit the sun. Likewise the moon is a satellite because it orbit earth.

History of Satellites

The First Satellites

History changed on October 4 , 1957 when the soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I.
The worlds first satellite was about the size of a basketball , weight only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the earth on its elliptical pat. The first satellite picture of earth came from NASAs Explorer 6 in 1959. These picture did not show more detail. But they did show the potential had to change how people view Earth and space.

Satellites Work
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A Earth Station sends message in GHz range. (Uplink) Satellite Receive and retransmit signals back. (Downlink) Other Earth Stations receive message in useful strength area. (Footprint)

Satellites Work

Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means. The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called a Uplink. The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.

Factors in satellite communication .

Other impairments to satellite communication: The distance between an earth station and a satellite (free space loss). Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmissions strength is strongest in the center of the transmission, and decreases farther from the center as free space loss increases. Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water can impair the transmission. It is particularly bad during rain and fog.

Factors in satellite communication (cont.)

Coverage Angle: A measure of the portion of the earth surface visible to a satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account. R/(R+h) = sin(/2 - - )/sin( + /2) = cos( + )/cos()

R = 6370 km (earths radius) h = satellite orbit height = coverage angle = minimum elevation angle

Satellite Frequency Bands and Antennas (Dishes)

The size of Satellite Dishes (antennas) are related to the transmission frequency.
There is a inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength. As wavelength increases (and frequency decreases), larger antennas (satellite dishes) are necessary to gather the signal.

Satellite Frequency Bands and Antennas (Dishes)

C-Band

Ku-Band

Most commonly used bands: C-band (4 to 8 GHz) , Kuband (11 to 17 GHz) , and Ka-band (20 to 30 GHz ).

Types of Satellites
NAME OF SATELLITE Aryabhata Bhaskara- I LAUNCH DATE 19 April 1975 07 June 1979 LAUNCH VEHICLE Intercosmos Intercosmos

INSAT-1A
GSAT-1 Kalpana-1 Chandrayaan-1 RISAT-1

10 April 1982
18 April 2001 12 Sep. 2002 22 October 2008 26 April 2012

Delta launch vehicle

GSLV D1 PSLV PSLV-C11 PSLV-C19

Types of Orbits

GEO LEO MEO Molniya Orbit HAPs

Frequency Bands

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO)

Altitude (375-1000 miles) Revolution time: 90 min - 3 hours. Advantages: Reduces transmission delay Eliminates need for bulky receiving equipment. Disadvantages: Smaller coverage area. Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.) than GEOs (10 yrs). Subdivisions: Little, Big, and Mega (Super) LEOs.

Little LEOs Applications

0.8 GHz range Small, low-cost

Vehicle tracking, environmental monitoring and two-way data communication. Used for short, narrowband communications.

Big LEOs Applications

2 GHz or above range Can offer global services, which can be subject to regulatory requirements.

Used for technology devices such as high-speed, high-bandwidth data communications, and video conferencing. They carry voice and high-speed data services. The main uses are data communications and real-time voice delivery to hand-held devices.

Mega (Super) LEOs Applications

20-30 GHz range Mainly handles broadband data. These systems are optimized for packet-switched data rather than voice. They share the same advantages and drawbacks of other LEOs and are intended to operate with inter-satellite links to minimize transmission times and avoid dropped signals.

Middle-Earth-Orbiting (MEO)
MEOs orbits between the altitudes of 5,600 and 9,500 miles. These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the North and South Pole.

Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary satellites, MEOs are placed in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit. Approximately a dozen medium Earth orbiting satellites are necessary to provide continuous global coverage 24 hours a day.

Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit (GEO)

Orbit is sychroneous with the earths rotation. From the ground the satellite appears fixed. Altitude is about 23,000 miles. Coverage to 40% of planet per satellite.

High Altitude Platform (HAP)

High Altitude Platform (HAP)

One of the newest ideas in satellite communication. A blimp or plane around 20 km above the earths surface is used as a satellite. HAPs would have very small coverage area, but would have a comparatively strong signal. Cheaper to put in position, but would require a lot of them in a network.

GPS
A constellation of 24 satellites
The Global System (GPS) is Positioning GPS Satellites
Name: Manufacturer: International Altitude: miles Weight: Size: panels Orbital Period: Orbital Plane: NAVSTAR Rockwell 10,900 nautical 1900 lbs (in orbit) 17 ft with solar extended 12 hours 55 degrees to equatorial a worldwide radionavigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are traveling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.

plane Planned Lifespan: 7.5 years Current constellation: 24 Block II production satellites

Uses of GPS
GPS has a variety of applications

Land: diverse uses; ex. surveying, recreational. Etc

Sea: navigation by recreational boaters, commercial fishermen, and professional mariners

Air: navigation by general aviation and commercial aircraft

Service Types Satellite

Service Types

Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)

Example: Point to Point Communication Example: Satellite Television/Radio Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)

Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)

Example: Satellite Phones

Advantages of Satellites

The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:

The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system. Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area. Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise. Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

Disadvantages of Satellites

The disadvantages of satellite communication:

Launching satellites into orbit is costly. Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up. There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial communication.

Reference
Advance surveying Book ( B.C. Punia) Principal of communication system (Gary D. Gord) www.wikipedia.com

Any Query ???