Pure Resistive Pure Capacitive Pure Inductive AC Circuit AC Circuit AC Circuit

current IR and applied voltage VR are in phase

current IC leading the applied voltage VC by 90

current IL lagging the applied voltage VL by 90

Reactance, X = Opposition to a change in current (or to flow) due to capacitance

(capacitive reactance, XC) OR inductance (inductive reactance, XL)

Impedance, Z = Opposition for current to change (or to flow) in circuit

due to capacitance (capacitive reactance, XC) AND inductance (inductive reactance, XL) (unit=ohm, )

in a capacitor (C) the current (I) leads voltage (V), and voltage (V) leads current (I) in an inductor (L).

Phasor Diagram

Properties

Phasor Diagram

Properties
7 Things you need to know about RLC Series Circuits.
1. AT RESONANCE (r) XC is equal to XL (but in anti-phase) 2. AT RESONANCE (r) VC is equal to VL (but in anti-phase) 3. AT RESONANCE (r) Impedance (Z) is at minimum and equal to the RESISTANCE (R) 4. AT RESONANCE (r) Circuit current is at a maximum. 5. AT RESONANCE (r) The circuit is entirely resistive. 6. BELOW RESONANCE (r) The circuit is capacitive. 7. ABOVE RESONANCE (r) The circuit is inductive.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth

(a) For a purely resistive a.c. circuit, the average power dissipated, P, is given by: P=VI=I2R= V2/R watts (V and I being r.m.s. values) See Fig.(a) (b) For a purely inductive a.c. circuit, the average power is zero. See Fig.(b) (c) For a purely capacitive a.c. circuit, the average power is zero. See Fig.(c)

 = = = 2

Power Triangle

Power Triangle Analogy

Power Factor Correction

In any a.c. circuit, power factor = cos , where is the phase angle between supply current and supply voltage.

Power Factor Correction

Industrial loads such as a.c. motors are essentially inductive (i.e. R-L) and may have a low power factor. For example, let a motor take a current of 50A at a power factor of 0.6 lagging from a 240V, 50Hz supply, as shown below.

Power Factor Correction

Unity power factor means: cos = 1 from which, = 0

The answer is to connect a capacitor in parallel with the motor as shown below
When a capacitor is connected in parallel with the inductive load, it takes a current shown as IC . In the phasor diagram, the current IC is shown leading the voltage V by 90 The supply current is shown as I and is now the phasor sum of IM and IC.

Power Factor Correction

In the phasor diagram, current I is shown as the phasor sum of IM and IC and is in phase with V , i.e. the circuit phase angle is 0, which means that the power factor is cos 0 = 1. Thus, by connecting a capacitor in parallel with the motor, the power factor has been improved from 0.6 lagging to unity.

Power Factor Correction

Before the capacitor was connected, the supply current was 50A. Now it is 30A. In conclusion, the advantage of power factor improvement the supply current has been reduced. When power factor is improved, the supply current is reduced, the supply system has lower losses (i.e. lower I2R losses) and therefore cheaper running costs.

Power Factor Correction