ATS. CH-1. FREQUENCY BAND.

(9-84)

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency bands

ATS. CH-1. FREQUENCY BAND. (9-84)

DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Frequency Bands
Infrared

Visible spectrum

ATS. CH-1. FREQUENCY BAND. (9-84)

What is frequency bands?

The frequency spectrum is
divided into segments called frequency bands and

The purpose of classifying

the various portions and how they are used

These

segments are designated in frequency spectrum according to their frequency and wave-length
ATS. CH-1. FREQUENCY BAND. (9-84)

Name
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) Voice Frequencies (VF) Very Low Frequencies (VLF) Low Frequencies (LF) Medium Frequencies (MF) High Frequencies (HF) Very High Frequencies (VHF) Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) Super High Frequencies (SHF) Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) Infrared The visible spectrum (light)

Frequency
30-300 Hz 300-3000 Hz 3-30 kHz 30-300 kHz 300 kHz - 3 MHz 3-30 MHz 30-300 MHz 300 MHz - 3 GHz 3-30 GHz 30-300 GHz

Wavelength
107 106 m 106 105 m 105 104 m 104 103 m 103 102 m 102 101 m 101 1 m 1 10-1 m 10-1 10-2 m 10-2 10-3 m 0.7 10m 0.4 x 10-6 to 0.8 x 10-6 m

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Extreme Low Frequency (ELF)

Extremely low frequencies (ELFs) are those in the 30 to 300Hz range These include ac power line frequencies (50 and 60 Hz are common) Frequencies in the low end of the human hearing range
ATS. CH-1. FREQUENCY BAND. (9-84)

Voice Frequency (VF)

Voice frequencies (VFs) are those in the range of 300 to 3000 Hz. This is the normal range of human speech Human hearing extends from approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz, Most intelligible sound occurs in the VF range
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Very Low Frequency (VLF)

higher end of the human hearing range up to about 15 to 20 (kHz) Many musical instruments also make sounds in this range as well as in the ELF and VF ranges Govt and military communications. e.g. VLF radio transmission is used by the navy to communicate with submarines'
ATS. CH-1. FREQUENCY BAND. (9-84)

Low Frequency (LF)

Low frequencies (LFs) are those in the 30 to 300 kHz range Primarily aeronautical navigation used in and marine

Subcarriers are signals that carry the baseband modulating information but which, in turn, modulate another higher-frequency carrier
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Medium Frequency (MF)

Medium frequencies (MFs) are in the 300 to 3000 kHz [3megahertz (MHz)] range The major application of frequencies in this range is AM radio broadcasting (535 to 1605 kHz) Other services in this range include various marine and aeronautical communications applications
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High Frequency (HF)

High frequencies (HFs) are those in the 3 to 30 MHz range known as short waves (SWs). All kinds of twoway radio communications, some shortwave radio broadcasting Govt and military services for two-way communications. Amateur radio and CB communications also occur in this part of the spectrum.
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Very High Frequency (VHF)

Very high frequencies 30 to 300 MHz range

(VHFs)

cover

the

Extremely popular frequency range used by many services Mobile radio Marine and aeronautical communications FM radio broadcasting (88 to 108 MHz) Television channels 2 through 13 Radio amateurs
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Ultra High Frequency (UHF)

Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300 to 3000 MHz range. Frequencies above the 1000MHz [1 gigahertz (GHz)] range are called microwaves This is an extremely widely used portion of the frequency spectrum. It includes :
UHF television channels 14 through 67 mobile communications cellular telephones military services Some radar and navigation services
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Super High Frequency (SHF)

The super high frequencies (SHFs) are in the 3 to 30 GHz range These are microwave frequencies that are widely used for satellite communications and radar Some specialized forms of two-way communications also occupy this region radio

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Extremely High Frequency (EHF)

Extremely high frequencies (EHFs) extend from 30 to 300 GHz Equipment used to generate and receive signals in this range is extremely complex and expensive Only a limited amount of activity including satellite communications and some specialized radar
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Infrared

Frequencies higher than 300 GHz are not referred to as radio waves Sandwiched between the highest radio frequencies and the visible portion of the EM spectrum The range between approximately 0.01 millimeter (mm) and 700 nanometers (nm)

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Infrared

Infrared is divided into two areas, long infrared (0.01 mm to 1000 nm) and short infrared (1000 to 700 nm) Infrared refers to radiation generally associated with heat Infrared is produced by light bulbs, our bodies, and any physical equipment that generates heat Infrared signals can also be generated by special types of light emitting diodes
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Infrared

It used for special kinds of communications. Astronomy to detect stars Guidance in weapons systems New TV remote-control

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Visible Spectrum

The visible spectrum we ordinarily refer to as light Light is a special type of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in the 0.4- to 0.8m range Light wavelengths are usually expressed in terms of angstroms (). An angstrom is one ten-thousandth of a micron. The visible range is approximately 8000 (red) to 4000 (violet)
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Visible Spectrum
Light waves can be modulated and transmitted through glass fibers just as electrical signals Fiber optics is one of the fastest growing specialties of communications electronics It has ability to handle a tremendous amount of information. That is, the bandwidth of the baseband signals may be very wide
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Visible Spectrum

Light signals can also be transmitted through free space A laser that generates a extremely narrow light beam at a specific visible frequency Easily modulated with voice, video and data

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X, Gamma & Cosmic rays

Beyond the visible region are the x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays These are all forms of electromagnetic radiation, but they do not use for communications systems

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Recap

Frequency Bands
Infrared

Visible spectrum

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Consolidation

What is frequency band?

Which is the most popular frequency band in the EM Spectrum? What is the use of light in communication? What are microwave frequencies?

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CONCLUSION

In next period we will discuss Band Width

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ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Bandwidth

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DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES

What is bandwidth?
Bandwidth & Channel bandwidth

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What is Bandwidth?

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What is Bandwidth?

Bandwidth is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal

It is also the frequency range over which an information signal is transmitted More specifically, bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the upper and lower frequency limits of the signal or the equipment operation range

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What is Bandwidth?

The bandwidth of the voice frequency range from 300 to 3000 Hz

The upper frequency is f2 and the lower frequency is f1. The bandwidth then is BW = f2 - f1 = 3000 - 300 = 2700 Hz

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What is Bandwidth?

Lower limit
Upper limit

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What is Bandwidth?

When information is modulated, the resulting signal occupies a small portion of the spectrum surrounding the carrier frequency For example, in AM broadcasting, audio signals up to 5 kHz may be transmitted
The modulation process generated sidebands at frequencies above and below the carrier frequency by an amount equal to the modulating frequency
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What is Bandwidth?

If the carrier frequency is 1000 kHz and the modulating frequency is 5 kHz, Then sidebands will be produced at 1000 - 5 = 995 kHz and at 1000 + 5 = 1005 kHz

The modulation process generates other signals which take up spectrum space
It is not just the carrier at 1000 kHz that is transmitted

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Bandwidth & Channel bandwidth

The term channel band width is used to describe the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information the difference between transmitting frequencies BW

What is channel The bandwidth of the AM signal described above is bandwidth?

the highest and
= 1005 kHz - 995 kHz = 10 kHz

lowest

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Bandwidth & Channel bandwidth

An AM broadcast signal, therefore, takes up a 10 kHz chunk of spectrum space Signals transmitting on the same frequency or on overlapping frequencies will, and interfere with one another Only a limited number of signals can be transmitted in the frequency spectrum

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Recap

What is bandwidth?
Bandwidth & Channel bandwidth

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Q&A

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Consolidation

What is bandwidth?
Which is the difference b/w bandwidth and channel bandwidth? What is bandwidth if f2 = 100 khz and f1 = 3 khz?

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Conclusion

In next period we will discuss More space at higher frequency

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