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Arrhythmia FKUP
Arrhythmia FKUP
Eko Antono
Division of Cardiovascular Department of Internal Medicine Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital
The resting membrane potential and the action potential of an ordinary working cell from the ventricular myocardium
Action potentials recorded from isolated pacemaker cells immersed in a saline bath and firing at their own inherent discharge rates
AND SYMPTOMS
SINUS RHYTHM
Sinus bradycardia.
Sinus tachycardia
SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
Supraventricular extrasystole
Atrial flutter. The atrial rate is 250 beats per minute, and the rhythm is regular. Every other flutter wave is conducted to ventricles (2:1 block), resulting in regular ventricular rhythm at a rate of 125 beats per minute
Atrial flutter with an AV conduction ratio (AV-CR) at sleep and rest of 6 : 1 or 4 : 1 decreasing to 1 : 1 with slight exercise
VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
Unifocal premature ventricular complexes. Note occurrence of wide, premature QRS complexes. Interval between preceding normal QRS and PVC (coupling interval) remains constant, and morphology remains the same
Multiformed premature ventricular complexes. Note variation in morphology and in coupling interval of PVCs
Ventricular bigeminy. Note that every other betas is PVC. Both coupling interval and morphology remain constant; hence they are unifocal
R-on-T phenomenon. Multiple PVCs are present. Mulitple PVCs are present. On right, a PVC falls on downslope of T wave, precipitating ventricular fibrillation
Precipitation of ventricular tachycardia by late-cycle PVC. Note brief salvo of ventricular tachycardia that is initiated by PVC occurring well beyond T wave
Ventricular tachycardia
Toardes de pointes
Ventricular asystole
CONDUCTION
DISTURBANCES
Extra-systole in singles (A) and in pairs of couplets (B) and brief attacks of tachycardial (C)
Survival rates are estimates of probability of survival to hospital discharge for patients with witnessed collapse and with ventricular fibrillation as initial rhythm