Skin and the Integumentary System

Composed of several tissues Maintains homeostasis Protective covering Retards water loss Regulates body temperature Houses sensory receptors Contains immune system cells Synthesizes chemicals, including Vitamin !"cretes small amounts of waste

Layers of Skin
!pidermis ermis Subcutaneous layer

Epidermis, Dermis, & Basement Membrane

Epidermis is subdivided into layers of stratified squamous epithelium Dermis is made up of connective tissue, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood. Basement membrane is anchored to the dermis by short fibrils and separates these two layers of skin

Epidermis
lac#s blood vessels #eratinized thic#est on palms and soles $%&'()&*mm+ melanocytes provide melanin rests on basement membrane stratified s,uamous

Epidermis
-ayers of !pidermis stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

Layers of the Epidermis

Skin Chan es! "ashes

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Shin les

Lyme Disease

%mpeti o

&elanocytes and #i ment 'ranules

(ll people have the same number of melanocytes in their skin

(lbinism! Lack of &elanin

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Dermis
on average )&%(.&%mm thic# dermal papillae binds epidermis to underlying tissues irregular dense connective tissue muscle cells nerve cell processes blood vessels hair follicles glands

Subcutaneous Layer
hypodermis loose connective tissue adipose tissue insulates ma/or blood vessels

Hair Fo ic es
epidermal cells tube(li#e depression e"tends into dermis hair root hair shaft hair papilla dead epidermal cells melanin arrector pili muscle

'rey5s (natomy
'ith age, a oss of me anin in hair can ead to grayness&

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!ed Heads ha"e iron pigment #trichosiderin$

E"eryone e%cept a binos ha"e "arious amounts of me anin in their hair&

(ai s
protective coverings nail plate nail bed lunula

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Sebaceous ) ands
usually associated with hair follicles holocrine glands 2 disintegrating cell and its contents for the secretion secrete sebum absent on palms and soles

S*eat or Sudoriferous ) ands

widespread in s#in deeper dermis or hypodermis eccrine glands 2 types of
merocrine gland that secrete fluid $sweat+ product released through the cell membrane

aprocrine sweat, ceruminous

$wa"+, 3 mammary $mil#+ glands 2 types of aporocrine glands that secrete cellular product and portion of the free ends of cells

!egu ation of Body +emperature

,rob ems in +emperature !egu ation

Hyperthermia 2 abnormally high body temperature

0uman Body o *emperature 8 9: C o or ;<.= 7.

Hypothermia 2 abnormally low body temperature

Skin -o or
4enetic 5actors Physiological 5actors varying amounts of dilation of dermal blood melanin vessels varying size of melanin constriction of dermal blood granules vessels albinos lac# melanin carotene /aundice !nvironmental 5actors sunlight 6V light from sunlamps 'eor e 0amilton > sun 7 rays worshiper4

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Hea ing of -uts

Hea ing of Burns

5irst degree burn 2 superficial partial(thic#ness $epidermis damaged+ Second degree burn 2 deep partial(thic#ness $epidermis 3 dermis damaged+ 8hird degree burn 2 full(thic#ness $epidermis, dermis, 3 accessory s#in structures+ autograft $self(transplant+ homograft $temporary transplant from donor+ various s#in substitutes e"tensive scars

!u e of (ines

Life Span -hanges

Scaly s#in 9ge spots ermis becomes reduced -oss of fat :rin#les Sagging Sebaceous glands secrete less oil Melanin production slows Hair thins ;umber of hair follicles decrease <mpaired nail growth Sensory receptors decline <nability to control body temperature -ess vitamin production

Life Span Chan es , Skin

- inica .pp ication

9cne Vulgaris
most common s#in disorder sebum and epithelial cells clog glands produces whiteheads and blac#heads $comedones+ anaerobic bacteria trigger inflammation $pimple+ largely hormonally induced androgens stimulate sebum production treatments include antibiotics, topical creams, birth control pills

Common Skin Disorders

(thlete5s foot > tinea pedis or rin worm fun al infection of the foot. Birthmark > con enital blemish or spot on the skin. Boil > bacterial infection of the skin produced when bacteria enter a hair follicle. Carbucnle > bacterial infection, similar to a boil, that spreads into the subcutaneous tissues. Cyst > fluid,filled capsule. EcCema > nonconta ious skin rash. Erythema > reddenin of the skin due to dilation of dermal blood vessels in response to inAury or inflammation. 0erpes> characteriCe by a recurrin formations of small clusters of vesiclesD usually caused by herpes simple$ virusD conta ious. 3eloid > elevated enlar in fibrous scar usually initiated by an inAury. &ole > fleshy skin tumor that is usually pi mented. #ediculosis > disease produced by an infestation of lice. #ruritus > itchin of the skin. #usule > elevated, pus,filled area.

6eroderma #i mentosum
E$treme

frecklin and skin cancer due to lack of D1( repair enCymes.

*ypes of Skin Cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma > derived from epithelial tissue

Basal cell carcinoma > derived from epithelial tissue

&ali nant melanoma > derived from melanocytes