SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

NORFADZILAH AMIRAH BT MUHAMAD DIAH D20101037487 MARIAMAH BT ARON D20101037477 NUR WAHIDAH BT SAMION D20101037525

Subtopics:
7.1 Raw material 7.2 Manufacturing process 7.3 Types of soap 7.4 Hydrophobic and hydrophilic orientation 7.5 Detergent 7.6 Classification of surfactant 7.7 Functions of detergent

What is Soap ???

Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid with an alkali metal hydroxide.
Fat + 3 NaOH glycine + 3 Soap

It is a salt composed of an alkali metal, such as sodium or potassium, and a mixture of "fatty" carboxylic acid. Prepared by saponification process.

Raw material : Fat and alkali

History of soap
2800 BC 1500 BC 200 AD 600 AD 900 AD 1700-1800 AD A soap-like material found in clay cylinders during the excavation of ancient Babylon. Egyption manuscripts describe a matter created by combining animal fats and vegetable oils to create a soap-like substance. The very first allusion to soap making in literature occurred by famous Greek physician named Galen. Soap making guilds were formed and the modern formula for soap was created. Soap started to be produced commercially. During the industrial revolution, soap began its production in factories and stopped being produced in home kitchen.

Currently

Soap is being produced in the same way as it was centuries ago after the industrial revolution.

The Soap Manufacturing Process

The essence of soap production is the saponification reaction:

It is exothermic reaction. Progress quickly and efficiently around 125 C inside autoclave type reactor.

SOAP MANUFACTURE
Soap is produced industrially in four basic steps: 1. Saponification A mixture of tallow (animal fat) and coconut oil is mixed with sodium hydroxide and heated. The soap produced is the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.

*Saponification - process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies

2. Glycerine removal Glycerine is more valuable than soap, so most of it is removed. Some of it is left in the soap to help make it soft and smooth. Soap is not very soluble in salt water, whereas glycerine is, so salt is added to the wet soap causing it to separate out into soap and glycerine in salt water. 3. Soap purification Any remaining sodium hydroxide is neutralized with a weak acid such as citric acid and two thirds of the remaining water removed.

4. Finishing Additives such as preservatives, colour and perfume are added and mixed in with the soap and it is shaped into bars for sale.

 Most fats and oil used are tallow, coconut oil and palm kernel. Different oil produce soaps of varying hardness, odour and leathering. Pure soap is hard and easily oxidized, so various additives are added make more aesthetically pleasing product. First additive is glycerine produced in saponification reaction. Glycerine makes the soap smoother and softer than pure soap.

 The glycerine is extracted from the soap with lye. Lye a brine solution added to the soap at the saponification stage. Wet soap is soluble in weak brine, but separates out as the electrolyte increase. Glycerine highly soluble in brine. Wet soap thus has quite a low electrolyte concentration and is about 30% water. Remove glycerine need more electrolyte added causing the wet soap separate into layer: Crude soap and glycerine mixture known as spent lye, neutral lye or sweet water.

 The soap still contains some salt, which itself functions as an additive, altering the viscosity and colour of the soap. Once the spent lye has been removed the soap is dried, chipped, mixed, with other additives such as perfumes and preservatives and then plodded, formed into tablets and packaged for sale.

7.3 TYPES OF SOAPS 7.4 HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC ORIENTATION

Transparent soap Glycerin soaps

Liquid soaps

Types of soaps

Perfumed soaps

Novelty soaps

Different kinds of soaps

Guest soaps

Kitchen soaps

Medicated soaps

HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC ORIENTATION

Soap ionises in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations. Soap anions reduces the surface tension of water that increase wetting ability of water.

Hydrophilic part of soap anions remains the same in water and hydrophobic part dissolves and penetrates into the grease.

By the movement of water during the scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and lifted off the surface.

The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water

micelles

The grease is dispersed into smaller droplet. The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of cloth due to repulsion between negatives charges. The droplet are suspended in water, forming an emulsion. Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned.

7.5 Detergent 7.6 Classification of detergents 7.7 Functions of detergent

7.5 DETERGENTS
Cleansing agents Detergents may be used in hard water without the formation of scum. Mostly made up of petroleum Also known as surfactants ; as they decrease the surface tension of water.

Detergents in our daily life

Toothpaste

Soap

Car washing liquid

Dish liquid

Body lotion

Facial cleanser

Washing powder

Shampoo

Common ingredients in detergents

Surfactants Plasticizers & binders Lather enhancers Water Fragrance Dyes and pigment Other chemical substances

Structure of detergent
Amphipatic molecules
Having both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrphobic (non polar) regions

Soluble in water polar group form H-bond with water non-polar aggregate due to hydrophobic interaction In aqueous solution; they form micelles (organized spherical structures which contain several detergent molecules)

Amphiphatic molecule

A detergent-micelle

Micelles cleaning mechanism in detergents

7.6 CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS

DETERGENTS

Ionic

Non-ionic

Amphoteric/zwitterionic

Anionic

Cationic

Non-ionic

Anionic

Cationic

Amphotheric

Main features
Ionic detergents Contain head group with a net charge. Either anionic (- charged) or cationic (+ charged). Neutralizing the charge on the head group Useful for dissociating protein-protein interactions. Eg: bile acid, deoxycholic acid Non-ionic detergents Uncharged hydrophilic head group. Better suited for breaking lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions. Considered to be non-denaturants. Eg: octyl thioglucoside, maltoside Amphoteric detergents Offer combined properties of ionic and non-ionic detergents. Lack conductivity and electrophoretic mobility. Do not bind to ion exchange resins. Suited for breaking protein-protein interactions. Eg: CHAPS, CHAPSO

7.7 FUNCTIONS OF DETERGENTS

To disrupt the bipolar lipid membrane of cells In order to release and solubilize membranebound proteins For the stabilization, crystallization, or denaturation of proteins Reduce surface tension Increase miscibility, Stabilization of emulsions

SOAP vs DETERGENTS
Soap Detergent

From natural material Will form scum in hard water From fat & vegetable oil

Synthetic material No scum in hard water From petroleum product

QUIZ!!

 Soaps were originally made from: A.proteins B.animal fats and vegetable oils C.chemicals extracted from the soil

 Today's soaps are synthesised from products including: A .plastics B .sodium hydroxide and alcohol C .proteins and hydrochloric acid

 In a school laboratory, soap is usually made from: A. vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide and some alcohol B .methylated spirits (also called denatured alcohol) and any acid C .acids and caustic soda

 Soaps work because the "water-loving" end of the soap molecule attracts a water molecule and the "water-hating" end attracts: A .other soap molecules B .water molecules also C. grease or dirt

 The "water-loving" end of the soap molecule has a charge that is: A. positive B .negative C. either positive or negative

 Hard water contains a lot of calcium and: A.magnesium salts B.sodium salts C.potassium salts

 The type of water that produces the greatest lather of bubbles is: A. any type of water B. hard water C. soft water

THANK YOU!!!