ELECTRICAL GENERATION

Electricity
creating energy. The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet. For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electric power transmission,

generation
electricity

is

the
other

process
forms

of
of

from

electricity distribution, and electrical power

storage and recovery using pumped storage methods are normally carried out by the electrical power industry.
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THERMAL POWER STATION

HYDROELECTRIC TURBINE & GENERATOR

Electricity is most often generated at a power

station

by

electromechanical

generators,

primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaic and geothermal power.

ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION
Electric power transmission or "high voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power

plants

to

substations

located

near

to

population centers. This is distinct from the local wiring between high voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electricity distribution.
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Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in long distance transmission. Power is usually

transmitted through overhead power lines.

Underground significantly power higher transmission cost and has a greater
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operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban areas or sensitive locations.

COGENERATION
Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. It is one of the most common forms of energy recycling.

Conventional

power

plants

emit

the

heat

created as a by-product of electricity generation into the natural environment through cooling towers, flue gas, or by other means. By contrast CHP captures the by-product heat for domestic or industrial heating purposes, very close to the plant, as hot water for district heating with temperatures ranging from approximately 80 to 130 C. Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate production of electricity some energy must be rejected as waste heat, but in cogeneration this thermal energy is put to 6

good use.

CAPTIVE POWER PLANTS

Captive power plants are those power plants
which operate independent of wheeling to grid ! They are mostly meant by in-house power generation for industry and not selling the power to grid of electricity boards ! for example a DG set for a small industry is a captive power plant or a large thermal plant for a cement industry or smelter is also a captive power plant !

STAND BY SYSTEMS
Your power can go out for any number of reasons. Sometimes, a transformer simply fails due to age. Occasionally, a work crew nicks an underground cable. Other times, an accident or storm causes damage to electrical

poles or lines. When electrical service to your

home is interrupted, a generator quickly detects it, starts up, and produces quiet, clean electricity. This is called as stand by system. Typical Installation: A residential has standby three generating basic system a typically elements:

generator, a transfer switch and a serviceentrance breaker. Generator Produces electricity for essential or selected systems like cooling, heating, refrigeration, security and lighting. Your
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backup needs, simple or more extensive, determine the size and output of the unit.

Transfer Switch Immediately senses when

power is interrupted and transfers power generation responsibility to the generator. Senses when power is restored and transfers the load back to the utility source and signals the generator to cool off and shut down. Service Entrance Breaker Provides protection to your transfer switch, internal breakers and circuits and generator due to

electrical strikes and power surges.]

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

An uninterruptible power is supply, UPS an also or uninterruptible battery/flywheel power backup, source,

electrical

apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an
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auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The onbattery power runtime sources of is most uninterruptible short515 relatively

minutes being typical for smaller unitsbut

sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary

power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment. While not limited to protecting any particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically used to

protect

computers,

data
or

centers,
other injuries,
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telecommunication power disruption

equipment could cause

electrical equipment where an unexpected fatalities,

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serious business disruption and/or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering entire data centers, buildings, or even cities.

INVERTERS
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use

of appropriate transformers, switching, and

control circuits. Static inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers,

to large electric utility high-voltage direct

current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or
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batteries. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.

POLLUTANTS IN ELECTRICAL GENERATION

The generation of electric power produces more pollution than any other single industry. The energy sources most commonly used for

electricity production fossil fuels such as coal, oil

and natural gas are known as non-renewable resources. They take millions of years to be formed in the crust of the earth by natural processes. Once

burned to produce electricity, they are gone forever.

Burning fossil fuels such as coal or oil creates unwelcome by-products that pollute when released into our environment, changing the planets climate and harming ecosystems.
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By-products of electricity production

1] Nitrous oxides emissions contribute to groundlevel ozone, particulate matter pollution, haze pollution in national parks and wilderness areas, brown clouds in major western cities, acid deposition in sensitive ecosystems across the

country, and the eutrophication of coastal waters.

2] Elevated ozone levels persisting throughout the country have also led to the adverse health effects of smog and millions of dollars in agricultural

damage.
3] A compelling body of scientific evidence links fine particle concentrations with illness and thousands of premature deaths each year. Children

and the elderly are particularly at risk.

4] Like coal, nuclear power causes some of the most serious environmental impacts, albeit indirectly. While nuclear power plants do not release toxic chemicals like traditional power generation plants,
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threaten people and the environment now and for generations to come, as well as pose risks of

catastrophic accident.
Mining, processing and transporting nuclear fuel produce significant pollution, including air pollution.

GREEN ENERGY
Green energy is energy that is produced in a manner that has less of a negative impact to the environment than energy sources like fossil fuels,

which are often produced with harmful side effects.

Greener types of energy that often come to mind are solar, wind, geothermal and hydro energy. There are several more, even including nuclear energy, that is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its lower waste output relative to energy sources such as coal or oil. Most people who advocate greener sources of energy claim that the result of worldwide use of
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RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS

Renewable energy is energy which comes from

natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,

and global geothermal final heat, which are renewable came from (naturally replenished). In 2008, about 19% of energy consumption

renewables, with 13% coming from traditional

biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. (small hydro, modern New renewables wind, solar, biomass,

geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.

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CARBON FOOTPRINT
A carbon footprint is "the total set of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product . For simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other GHGs, emitted. The concept name of the carbon footprint originates

from ecological footprint discussion. The carbon

footprint is a subset of the ecological footprint and of the more comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

An individual, nation, or organization's carbon

footprint can be measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment. Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to

reduce it, e.g. by technological developments,

better process and product management, changed Green Public or Private Procurement (GPP), Carbon capture, consumption strategies, and others. The mitigation of carbon footprints through the
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development of alternative projects, such as solar or wind energy or reforestation, represents one way of reducing a carbon footprint and is often known as Carbon offsetting.

CARBON CREDITS
Carbon credits are a tradable permit scheme. It is a simple, non-compulsory way to counteract

the greenhouse gasses that contribute to climate

change and global warming. Carbon credits create a market for reducing greenhouse emissions by giving a monetary value to the cost of polluting the air. The Carbon Credit is this new currency and each carbon credit represents one tonne of carbon dioxide either removed from the atmosphere or saved from being emitted. Carbon credits are also called emission permit. Carbon

credit is in the Environment and Pollution Control

subject. Carbon credits are certificates awarded to countries that are successful in reducing emissions of greenhouse
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gases. Carbon credits can be created in many ways but

there are two broad types:

1] Sequestration (capturing or retaining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere) such as afforestation and reforestation activities.

2] Carbon Dioxide Saving Projects such as use of

renewable energies These credits need to be authentic, scientifically based and Verification is essential.

Carbon credit trading is an innovative method of

controlling emissions using the free market.

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