A. C. AND D.C. SUPPLY D.C.

Supply
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams.

The electric charge flows in a constant direction,

distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for direct current was Galvanic current.

A.C. Supply
In alternating of current electric (AC, also ac) the movement charge periodically

reverses direction. In direct current (DC), 1 the

flow of electric charge is only in one direction.

AC is the form in which electric power is

delivered to businesses and residences. The

usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine

wave. In certain applications, different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves. Audio and radio signals carried on

electrical wires are also examples of alternating

current. In these applications, an important goal is often the recovery of information encoded (or modulated) onto the AC signal.

A.C. & D.C. SUPPLY

THREE PHASE & SINGLE PHASE SUPPLY Single Phase Supply

A single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the

supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution

is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. A singlephase supply connected to an alternating

Single Phase Power Wave Form

current electric motor does not produce a

revolving magnetic field; single-phase motors

need additional circuits for starting, and such motors are uncommon above 10 or 20 kW in rating.

Three Phase Supply

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power transmission. It is a type of polyphase system,

Three Phase Power Wave Form

and is the most common method used by

electric power distribution grids worldwide to

distribute power. It is also used to power large motors and other large loads. A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase systems at the same voltage .

HT LINES
Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power always use voltages significantly higher than 50 volts, so contact with or close approach to the line conductors presents a danger of electrocution. High-voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly always an aluminum alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Copper 5

was sometimes used for overhead transmission

but aluminum is lower in weight for equivalent

performance, and much lower in cost.

Electricity Grid

H.T.TOWER

H.T.TOWER

TRANSFORMERS
An electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage. The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the

magnetic flux that is developed. The changing

magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent

figure. Current passing through the primary coil

creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes
8

through both the primary and secondary coils.

AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

FLOW DIAGRAM : TRANSFORMERS 9

Types of Transformers
In general, transformers are used for two purposes: signal matching and power supplies. 1] Step-up transformers : A "step-up transformer" allows a device that requires a high voltage power supply to operate from a lower voltage source. The transformer takes in the low voltage at a high current and puts out the high voltage at a low current. 2] Step-down transformers :

A "step-down transformer" allows a device that

requires a low voltage power supply to operate from a higher voltage. The transformer takes in the high voltage at a low current and puts out a

low voltage at a high current.

3] Isolation transformers : An "isolation transformer" does not raise or lower a voltage; whatever voltage comes in is what goes out. An isolation transformer
10

prevents current from flowing directly from one side to the other. This usually serves as a safety device to prevent electrocution.

ELECTRICAL PANEL ROOMS

After HT power getting converted into low tension power first it is brought to common bus bar through circuit breaker. From this common bus bar various three phase or single phase power tapping are made to supply various utilities like water supply lifts security lighting,

street lighting, etc. From this panel also power

is tapped for various building for residential use. This LT installations are controlled by a control panel & corresponding room is called as control

room or panel room. Many times HT installations

are also controlled from electrical panel room.

CABLE TRENCHES
Various control cables and power cables need

to be laid underground for safety, aesthetic &

11

CABLE TRENCHES IN RESIDENTIAL AREA

CABLE TRENCHES IN SUBSTATION

12

for protection from rain and wind. In the substations or large & residential, industrial commercial, institutional

complexes, cable trenches are constructed for carrying out the electrical cables as shown in pictures. The covering material may be concrete

slabs or steel chequered plates.

They are

designed as per the requirement . In cable trench so that each cable is separately identified so as to locate it easily in case of fault. It also

protects cables from rain water in rainy season.

CABLE SUPPORT ARMS

13

CONTROLS
Controls are important on both HT & LT side. On HT side controls like circuit breakers are used for the protection of transformers & other costly equipments. It is also used for switching under load & no load conditions. They are also used for maintenance purpose of faulty equipments. On LT side it used for switching ON/Off & also isolate faulty equipment in case of short circuit or earth leakage.

WIRING SYSTEMS
Almost all wiring methods for power lines in houses and apartments can largely categorized into two systems.

1] Conventional wiring using passing Lines

2] Unit wiring using only star type wiring configuration. The power environment can vary depending

upon wiring system and the appliances plugged.

14

15

16