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Bab 1 Entropi Dan Kespontanan 1
Bab 1 Entropi Dan Kespontanan 1
Bab 1 Entropi Dan Kespontanan 1
Kimia Anorganik Fisik Latifah, MSi. Kimia FMIPA UNNES 24 September 2010
Kespontanan
spontaneous
nonspontaneous
Spontaneous reaction = having the potential to proceed without assistance of external agency
Kespontanan Reaksi
Reaksi : Fe + O2 Fe2O3
Reaksi spontan ?? Dua faktor yang menentukan terpisahnya atom-atom reaktan dan penataulangannya menjadi produk Kekuatan ikatan Derajat ketidakteraturan pada keadaan akhir
Factors Determining DG
Free energy change depends on
enthalpy entropy
Enthalpy
DHo = heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction at standard conditions. Exothermic, (-DH), heat is released. Endothermic, (+DH), heat is absorbed. Reactions favor products with lowest enthalpy (strongest bonds).
Entropy
DSo = change in randomness, disorder, freedom of movement. Increasing heat, volume, or number of particles increases entropy. Spontaneous reactions maximize disorder and minimize enthalpy. In the equation DGo = DHo - TDSo the entropy value is often small. =>
EOS
If DH < 0 and DS > 0, then DG is always negative(spontaneous.) If DH > 0 and DS < 0, then DG is always positive(nonspontaneous)
Principles of Entropy
1. The gaseous state is more probable than liquid state, which in turn is more probable than the solid state
Solid
12,3
Liquid
13,83
Gas
36,71
P Si Pb H2O
2. A monoatomic gas is more probable than polyatomic moleculer gas, and hence tends to have higher entropy H 27,4 H2 15,6
O3 19,0
P4 16,7 S8 12,9
3. An amorphous solid is more probable than a crystalline solid, and a simple crystalline solid more probable than a more complex crystalline solid
5. Compounds of elements of higher atomic weight, or molecules of the free elements themselves, tend to have higher entropy Effect of Mass on entropy of Gases at 25C :
X HX NaX PbX2 ZrX4 F 41,51 51,70 69,35 76,95 Cl 44,65 54,88 76,63 87,37 Br 82,43 98,78 I 85,91 108,42
EOS
6. At ordinary temperature, entropy effects are commonly small enough to have relatively little effect on the direction of reaction unless the difference in total bonding energy between reactants and products is relatively small 7. All chemical reactions that increase the entropy occur spontaneously at high enough temperature DG = DH T.DS