METABOLISM

CATABOLISM ANABOLISM

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE

CATABOLISM Exergonic Reactions such as Glycolysis Krebs cycle The electron transport chain ANABOLISM Endergonic Reactions such as Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protien synthesis The linkage of glucose monomers to form glycogen

Glucose Catabolism
Cellular respiration Reactions involved Glycolysis The formation of acetyl coenzyme A The kreb cycle The electron transport chain

The Fate of pyruvic acid

Anaerobic condition Is reduced via an anaerobic pathway by addition of two hydrogen atoms to form lactic acid (LACTATE) 2 Pyruvic acid+2NADH+2H+ 2 Lactic acid + 2NAD+ Aerobic condition Pyruvic acid Acetyl CoA This molecule links, glycolysis which occur in cytosol and the krebs cycle which occurs in the matrix of mitochondria

Formation of Acetyl CoA

Summary: Pyruvate is degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A; hydrogens are released; and carbon dioxide is released.
Pyruvate dehydrgenase

Aerobic Respiration
The Krebs Cycle

Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one CO2 molecule and one acetyl group linked to CoA (acetyl-CoA).
NAD is reduced to NADH (2 electrons removed from pyruvate).

Two acetyl-CoA groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule (one six carbon glucose is oxidized to two 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules, each of which is decarboxylated to produce an acetyl-CoA molecule). Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the electron transport chain. From one molecule of glucose, oxidation in the Krebs cycle produces six molecules of NADH, two molecules of FADH2, and two molecules of ATP. Decarboxylation produces six molecules of CO2.

The electron transport chain

Electrons are brought to the electron transport chain by NADH. The electron transport chain consists of carriers, including flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones. Electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, the energy is used to drive proton pumps. The final electron acceptor is irreversibly reduced; it may be oxygen (aerobic) or another inorganic molecule (anaerobic).

Flavin mononucleotide(FMN) Cytocromesb,c1,c,a,a3 Iron-sulphur(Fe-S) ceters Copper(Cu) atoms Coenzymes Q

ELECTRON CARRIERS

The Chemiosmotic Mechanism of ATP Generation

Protons being pumped across the membrane generate proton motive force as electrons move through a series of acceptors or carriers. Energy produced from movement of the protons back across the membrane is used by ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and phosphate. In eukaryotes, electron carriers are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane; in prokaryotes, electron carriers are in the