HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

www.huawei.com
Internal
OWA200002 WCDMA
RAN Fundamental
ISSUE1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline the advantage of CDMA technology
Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN
Outline the key technologies of UTRAN
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 3
Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 2 WCDMA Key Technologies
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 4
Multiple Access Technology
power
FDMA
power
TDMA
power
CDMA
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 5
Characteristics of CDMA System
High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 6
Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
(a)
(b)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 7
Spreading

UE1: 1 1 1

UE2: 1 1
c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE2c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UE1c1 UE2c2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 8
Dispreading
UE1c1 UE2c2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 9
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 10
Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 2 WCDMA Key Technologies
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 11
Source
coding
Channel
coding
Spreading
Modulation
Source
decoding
Channel
decoding
Despreading Demodulation
Radio channel
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmission
Reception
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 12
Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading

Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different
Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service
Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 13
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding
Multi-rate:
8 kinds of coding rates
Benefit multi-mode terminal design
Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease
speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support
more subscribers.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 14
WCDMA Channel Coding
Purpose:
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs.

Types
Speech service: Convolution code1/21/3
Data service: Turbo code
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 15
Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction
WCDMA Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454
8
16
.
.
.
456
2
10
.
.
.
450
6
14
.
.
.
454
1
9
.
.
.
449
4
12
.
.
.
452
7
15
.
.
.
455
3
11
.
.
.
451
5
13
.
.
.
453
....
....
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7


{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}
First interleaving
Second interleaving
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 16
WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSFWalsh
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 17
Purpose of OVSF
For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection
For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections
Typical service Data rate Downlink SF Uplink SF
AMR
12.2+3.4

128 64
Modem28.8k
28.8+3.4

64 32
12.2kAMR & 64k packet data
12.2+64+3.4
32 16
12.2kAMR & 144k packet data
12.2+144+3.4
16 8
12.2kAMR & 384k packet data
12.2+384+3.4
8 4
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 18
Why we need scrambling code
Distinguishing cells or users
Downlink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing cells
OVSF code is used for distinguishing users
Uplink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing users
OVSF code is used for distinguishing channels of one user
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 19
WCDMA Scrambling Code: Gold Sequence
Gold sequence is made by two m sequence.
Advantage: No need to use GPS as the system clock, NodeB
can work in asynchronous mode, and it is also convenient for
indoor coverage
Disadvantage: the interference between code is larger than m
sequence
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 20
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting
abilities in air interface
R99/R4: adopt QPSK
DL max data rate is 2.7Mbps
HSDPA: adopt 16QAM
DL max data rate is 14.4Mbps
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 21
Multi-path Environment
Time
Received
signal
Transmitted
signal
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 22
Fading
Distance(m)
Received Power(dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
Slow fading
Fast fading
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 23
Introduction to Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity

Diversity methods
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 24
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Combiner
The
combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 25
Structure of RAKE Receiver

Q
I
Combiner
I
Matched
Filter
Phase
Rotator
Channel
Estimator
Delay
Equalizer
I
Q
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3
Input signal
Correlator
Code
Generators
Q
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 26
WCDMA Fast Power Control Control Fast Fading
Without power control
With power control
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 27
Summary
Spreading/Dispreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scramble Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
www.huawei.com
Thank You