Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory: Bipolar Junction Transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistors
Chapter 3
Boylestad
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
Boylestad
2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Construction
There are two types of
transistors:

pnp and npn

The terminals are labeled:
E - Emitter
B - Base
C - Collector
pnp
npn
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, V
EE
and V
CC
, connected as
shown:
The emitter-base
junction is forward
biased

The base-collector
junction is reverse
biased
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Currents in a Transistor
The collector current is comprised of
two currents:
B
I
C
I
E
I
(minority) CO
I
majority C
I
C
I
) (
Emitter current is the sum of the
collector and base currents:
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Base Configuration
The base is common to both input (emitterbase) junction
and output (collectorbase) junction of the transistor.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the
relationship between
of input current (I
E
) to
input voltage (V
BE
) for
three output voltage
(V
CB
) levels.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Base Amplifier
This graph
demonstrates
the output
current (I
C
) to
an output
voltage (V
CB
)
for various
levels of input
current (I
E
).
Output Characteristics
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Operating Regions
Active
Operating range of the amplifier.
Cutoff
The amplifier is basically off. There is
voltage, but little current.
Saturation
The amplifier is fully on. There is current,
but little voltage.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Approximations
E C
I I
Silicon) (for V . V
BE
7 0
Emitter and collector currents:
Base-emitter voltage:
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Alpha ()
Ideally: = 1
In reality: falls somewhere between
0.9 and 0.998
Alpha () is the ratio of I
C
to I
E
:
E
I
C
I
dc

Alpha () in the AC mode:
E
I
C
I
ac

Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Amplifier
Voltage Gain:
V 50 ) )( (
mA 10
mA 10
20
mV 200

k 5 mA 10 R
L
I
L
V
i
I
L
I
E
I
C
I

i
R
i
V
i
I
E
I
Currents and
Voltages:
250
200
50

mV
V
V
V
v
A
i
L
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Emitter
Configuration
The emitter is common to
both input (base-emitter)
and output (collector-
emitter) circuits.

The input is applied to the
base and the output is
taken from the collector.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics Base Characteristics
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents
I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
I
C
= I
E

Actual Currents
When I
B
= 0 A the transistor is in
cutoff, but there is some minority
current flowing called I
CEO
.
A 0 I
CBO
CEO
B
I
I

1
where I
CBO
= minority
collector current
I
CBO
is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in high
power transistors and in high temperature environments.
Ideal Currents
I
C
= I
E
+ I
CBO

Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Beta ()
In DC mode:
In AC mode:
ac
is sometimes referred to as h
fe
, a term used in transistor
modeling calculations
B
C
dc
I
I

constant V
B
C
ac
CE
I
I

represents the amplification factor of a transistor.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Beta ()
Determining from a Graph
108
A
mA .
V . V DC
CE
5 7
25
7 2
100
10
1
20 30
2 2 2 3
5 7
V . V
AC
CE
A
mA
A) A (
mA) . mA . (

Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Beta ()
Relationship between amplification factors and :
1
Relationship Between Currents:

B C
I I
B E
)I ( I 1
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Collector Configuration
The input is on the
base and the
output is on the
emitter.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Collector Configuration
The characteristics
are similar to those
of the common-
emitter amplifier,
except the vertical
axis is I
E
.
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Operating Limits
The transistor operates in the active region between saturation and cutoff.
V
CE
is maximum and I
C
is
minimum in the cutoff
region.

I
C
is maximum and V
CE
is
minimum in the saturation
region.

CEO C
I I
(max)
CEO sat CE CE
V V V
) ( (max)
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Power Dissipation
Common-collector:
C CB Cmax
I V P
C CE Cmax
I V P
E CE Cmax
I V P
Common-base:
Common-emitter:
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Specification Sheet
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Testing
Curve Tracer Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.

DMM Some DMMs measure
DC
or h
FE
.

Ohmmeter:
Boylestad
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Terminal Identification

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory: Bipolar Junction Transistors

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