Archwire Materials and Application of Newer Materials-OrTHO / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

Archwire Materials And
Application Of Newer Materials

in Begg Appliance.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Introduction
Advancements in orthodontic materials have
been progressing by leaps and bounds.
Plethora of archwires varying widely
material, geometry, configuration,
manufacturing process and physical properties.
Lack of an ideal archwire clinician select
the best for the intended use.
Evolution of Archwire Materials
Availability of archwire materials determined
mechanotherapy.
Requirements changes initial stages to finish.
Variable cross section Orthodontics,
Prior to 70s only gold & SS available
Difft. Requirements met changing cross section
& geometry.
Variable Modulus Orthodontics.
Varying modulus of elasticity.
TMA , Nitinol etc.
Lower moduli initial stages and higher finish.
Varying Transformation Temperature
Orthodontics.
NiTi archwires super elastic & thermodynamic.
Cu NiTi & Neosentalloy.
Desirable Properties of Archwire
Force
Deflection ( Strain)
Proportional
limit
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
(stress)
Failure Point
Spring back.( Range of Activation or Working
range)
Measure of how far a material can be deformed
without exceeding the limits of the material.
Related to Y.S
E
Higher spring back large activations increase in
working time of appl.
Stiffness ( Load Deflection Rate ).
Measure of resistance to any kind of mechanical
deformation,
Proportional to Modulus of Elasticity.
Low stiffness or LDR provide
Ability to apply lower forces
A more constant force
Greater ease & accuracy in applying a given force.
Strength.
It is the measure of the max. possible load, the
greatest force which the wire or arch arrangement
can sustain or deliver if it is loaded to the limit of
the material.
Formability.
Ability to bend a wire into desired configurations
without failure.
Modulus of Resilience or Stored energy.
Work available to move the teeth.
Area elastic portion of the stress- strain curve.
Bio compatibility & Environmental stability.
Resistance to corrosion and tissue tolerance to
elements in the wire.
Maintenance of desirable properties for extended
periods after manufacture.
Poor Biohostability.
Neither actively nurture nor passively act as a
substrate for microorganisms.
Cause foul smell
Color changes detract from esthetics.
Remove or build up material compromise mech prop.
Joinability.
Permit welding and soldering
Friction,
Excessive amount
Loss of anchorage
Less tooth movement.
Esthetics.
Color stability
Inconspicuous
Non Ferromagnetic.

Based on material constituent: Metal
Non metal
Metals.
Gold Alloys.
Stainless Steel.
Cobalt Chromium Alloys.
Nickel- Titanium Alloys
NiTinol
Chinese Ni Ti
Japanese Ni Ti
Niobium Ti
Copper NiTi
Cv NiTi

Classification.
Beta Ti
Alpha Ti
Non Metals.
Polymeric materials.
Composite / Coated Archwires.
Optiflex.
Gold Alloys.
Pure gold too soft for orthodontic purpose.
Initial round wire, Begg - .020 platinised gold.
Hardened cold working or hardening heat trt.
Marginal properties & price obsolete.

Stainless Steel
Developed b/w 1903 & 1921
Harry Brearley of Sheffield, F.M. Beckett of the
U.S, Edward Maurer of Germany.
1933 Archie Brusse presented table clinic 1
st

Stainless Steel Appliance system.
Displaced Gold alloys.
SS wires - work horse of the orthodontic
industry for generations
Composition.
Steels iron based alloys contains < 1.2% C
SS Cr. ( 12 30%) + steel.
Types.
Ferritic
Martensitic.
Austenitic.
Ferritic.
Body Centered Cubic Str.
AISI series 400.
Low sth. & not hardenable by heat trt.
Martensitic.
AISI series 400.
Body Centred Tetragonal Structure.
Strength & Hardness
Corrosion Resistance & Ductility
Austenitic.
Most corrosion resistant.
AISI 302 basic type.
18% - Cr., 8% - Ni., 0.15% -
C.
AISI 304 C ltd to 0.08 %
302 & 304 18-8 SS
316 L - <0.03 % C
implants.
Str. Face Centered Cubic.
A J Wilcock Archwires.
Early 1940s acquainted Mr. Arthur J
Wilcock.- Metallurgist Whittlesea, Victoria.
Years of research Develop wire objectives.
Thin tensile wire distribute force optimal level
Considerable period of time.
Over long distances.
Minimal loss of force intensity.
Initially 0.018 wire produced.
Dia. - progressively decreased to 0.014.

Wilcock wires mainstay of Begg Technique.
Grades of wire used initially-
Special Plus
Extra Special plus cases resistant to bite opening.
1984 A J Wilcock Jr. request of Dr.
Mollenhauer of Australia ultra high tensile
strength round wire
Supreme grade
0.010 & 0.009
Pulse Straightening Vs Spinner Straightening.
Spinner Straightening.
Straightening resistant materials cold drawn
condition.
Wire pulled rotating bronze rollers
Dis Adv.
Resultant Deformation.
Decreased Yield stress value.
Strain softened.

Pulse Straightening.
Pulsed in a special machine.
High tensile wires straightened.
Lower dia. wires
Yield Strength not altered.
Surface smoother finish.

Types of A J Wilcock Archwires.
Regular Grade.( Pink label )
Dia 0.012 0.024
Regular plus (Green label )
Dia 0.012 0.020
Easily formed & excellent for general use & utlility wires.
Special grade ( Blue label )
Dia 0.012 0.020.
0.016 inch initial stages.
Special Plus ( Yellow label )
Dia 0.012 0.024
Premium ( Purple label )
Dia 0.012 0.020.
Ideal for bite opening .
Where high resiliency is required
Premium Plus ( Gold label ).
Size 0.010 0.018
In early trt. alignment & levelling.
Mollenhauer recommends 0.011 wire high angle
cases, undue molar extrusion.
Supreme ( Biege label ).
Size 0.008 0.011
Unravelling crowded ant. teeth.
Boxed reciprocal torquing aux.
Mini uprighting springs.
Aligning 2
nd
molars towards the end of stage II.
Substituted Titanium Alloys.
Ti used as Structural metal 1952.
Became available Orthodontics 1970s.
Allotropy Crystallographic change 885C.
Below 885C HCP or lattice.
Above 885C BCC or lattice.
Addn. of Molybdenum or Columbium stabilize this str.
At room temp.
Trends in SS Metallurgy.
Eliminate or minimize Nickel content.
Nearly Ni free SS
Steel Din 1.4456 one of them
Composition:
15 18 % Cr.
3 4 % molybdenum.
10 14 % Manganese
0.9 % nitrogen compensate for nickel.
Trade names Menzanium, Noninium.

Developed by William F Beuhler Naval
Ordinance laboratory 1960.
1970 - Dr. George Andreasen recognized the
potential of this alloy.
Largely through his efforts and those of the
Unitek Company, the first nitinol alloy was
marketed to orthodontists as Nitinol.
Nickel Titanium alloys
Andreasen 2 types.
Elastic Nitinol.
Thermal Nitinol.
Thermal Nitinol.
1:1 atomic ratio of Ni and Ti.
Ni 55% , Ti 45%
Co 1.6% - brings TTR - 37C.
Unique feature Shape Memory Phenomenon.
Capability of a wire to return to a previously manufactured
shape when it is heated through its TTR.
Martensitic Grain Structure
Elastic Nitinol.
Alloy of Ni & Ti without Co,
Elasticity , Flexibility
Lighter continuous forces.
Austenitic Grain Structure.
Classification ( Kusy )
Conventional Nitinol.
Pseudoelastic Nitinol.
Thermoelastic nitinol.
Conventional Martensitic stabilized alloy
Passive SME suppressed cold working during
wire drawing - >8 10%.
Attractive feature Low Stiffness.
Limitation lack of formability.

Pseudoelastic Nitinol.
Active.
Capable of undergoing anticipated phase
transformation.
Undergo some form of SME + Superelastic.
Two types
Austenitic active alloy
Martensitic active alloy.
Austenitic Active alloy.
Martensite low stiffness phase.( E = 31 -35 GPa)
Austenite high stiffness phase. ( E = 84 98 GPa)

On loading Austenitic alloy Stiffness 3x,
conventional martensitic stabilised alloy.
Plateau like area Stress induced transformation
martensitic phase. + ve slope stiffness
comparable to martensitic nitinol.
Deactivation reverse occurs.
2
nd
Plateau Martensite Austenite. Changes
shape to maintain force-
key attribute Pseudoelasticity.

Thermoelastic Nitinol.
Martensitic active alloy.
Exhibits thermally induced SME.
Transition temp.- ambient oral temperature.
Medical advances Trt. Of Scliosis.
Desired shape set by heat.
Distortion & insertion into patients mouth
Appliance activated warmth of oral cavity.
Return to its predetermined shape.

Chinese NiTi.
Developed by Dr. Tien Hua Cheng & Associates-
General research institute of Non Ferrous Metals,
Beijing, China.
Little work hardening , parent phase austenite mech
prop. differ from Nitinol.
Burstone, Qin, Morton compared three prop. with SS
and Nitinol.
Springback
Stiffness.
Maximum moment.

Springback.
Diff. b/w deflection of 80 & residual deformation
after unloading.
Chinese Niti > Nitinol > SS

SS
Nitinol
NiTi
Stiffness
Steel and Nitinol average unloading stiffness same
regardless of amount of activation.
Chinese Niti lower stiffness value value changes with
degree of activation.
Maximum moment.
Niti ( 805 gm-mm at 1 of permanent deformation)< Nitinol (
975 gm-mm) < SS( 1400 gm-mm)
Applications.
Low stiffness & large deflections are needed.
No time dependent deformation in mouth.
High stiffness at small activations - adequate force
levels.
Larger cross sections larger moments root
movement and transalation.
Japanese Niti
1978 Furukawa electric company.
Fujio Miura studied mech. Properties.
Excellent springback & Super elastic properties.
Superelasticity Stress fairly constant upto a
certain point of deformation - & during
rebounding. ( Stress induced martensitic
transformation. BCC HCP )

Continous force long period during
deactivation of the wire.
Physiologic tooth movement.
Possible to modify force individualized
segment of the arch wire applying controlled
heat.

Introduced in 1994 Rohit Sachdeva & Suchio
Miyasaki 1994.
Major advance Variable transformation
temperature orthodontics.
Stability of Martensite / Austenite at a given
temp. Transformation temp. of the alloy.
Impt. marker Austenite finish temperature.Af.
Working temp. of orthodontic appliance > Af
Compositon.
Austenitic structure.
LDR charecteristics.
Low hysteresis.
Surface.
Rough & porous comparable to TMA.
Alloy types.
Type I Af = 15C.
Type II Af = 27 C.
Type III Af = 35 C.
Type IV Af = 40C

Elements Wt%
Ti 42.99
Ni 49.87
Cr 0.5
Cu 5.64
Type I high force levels not used clinically.
Type II Highest force & best used.
Average or higher pain threshold.
Normal periodontal health.
Rapid tooth movement required.
Type III wire-
Low to normal threshold.
Slightly compromised periodontium.
Relatively low forces required.
Type IV
Sensitive to pain.
Compromised periodontal conditions.
Tooth movement deliberately slowed down.
Beneficial initial rectangular wire.
Advantages.
Low hysteresis more constant force levels.
Difft. Types match archwire force levels specific
early treatment requirements & goals.
CV NiTi.
Copper free NiTi.
In the same types as CuNiTi.
Similar mechanical properties.
Slower recovery pattern.

Beta Titanium Alloys.
Charles J Burstone 1980 ( TMA).
Composition.
Titanium- 79%
Molybdenum 11%
Zirconium 6%
Tin 4%
Addition of elements - molybdenum or
columbium, a titanium-based alloy can
maintain its beta structure even when cooled to
room temperature.

Advantages.
Force levels less than half of stainless steel.
Highly ductile complicated configurations
formed.
Weldable.
Good spring back.
Disadvantage.
Rough surface High friction.
Ion implantation Burstone 1995.
Elements or compounds ionised and accelerated to a
target. N & O ions from a plasma
Ti oxide and nitride formed
Alpha Titanium Alloy:
AJ Wilcock Jr. 1988 near phase Titanium
alloy Orthodontic purpose.
Composition.
Titanium 90%.
Aluminium 6%
Vanadium 4%
Crystal structure. Closely packed hexagonal
lattice (HCP).
Only one active slip plane along its base.
BCC two slip planes ( Titanium ).
Less ductile than TMA
Near phase Ti alloy certain amount -
phase retained at room temp.
Stiffer with passage of time
Absorption of H+ ions surface layer titanium
hydride.
Weldable
Dimensions available.
.016 x .022 and .018 x .022.
Rectangular finishing wires.
Non metallic archwires.
Esthetic arch wires Optiflex
Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Polymeric
archwire ( UFRP ) Composite Archwires.
Manufacture.
Photopultrusion
Pultrusion - The process of manufacturing
components having continuous lengths and a
constant cross-sectional shape, such as in
archwires.

UFRP compared to NiTi.
Elastic until failure occurs.
Resilience and springback are comparable.
Parlene : poly ( chloro p- xylylene) coating
Risk of glass fiber release during clinical use
eliminated.

Applications of newer materials in Begg
technique.
Stage I :-
Pulse straightened SS wires and Super elastic NiTi
wires replaced multi loop archwires.
0.010 or 0.011 supreme PS wires MAA. Better
root control in early stages of trt.
0.014 premium plus in high angle cases to prevent
undue molar extrusion.
End of stage II
0.011 alignment of 2
nd
molars

Stage III :-
Mini uprighting springs 0.008 0.010 supreme
P.S wires.
Finishing :-
Stiff Rectangular 0.018 x 0.022 Titanium wires
Conclusion
Recent advances in material science and
technology has resulted in an array of newer
archwire materials, opening new vistas in
Orthodontic treatment. Materials with widely
diverging properties are on the market today
and their usage has profound implications on
the appliance mechanics.

As Kusy points out, composites will increasingly
encroach the use of metals, ceramics and
polymers as functional and esthetically
pleasing appliances become popular. The
orthodontist therefore has to clearly outline
the phases of treatment and select the archwire
most suited for attaining specific goals for
treatment.

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