DELAY

TOLERANT
NETWORK
PRESENTATION BY
ANDIMA GEOFREY AND NANSAMBA
MOREEN
Delay Tolerant Network
Delay tolerant networks are categories of
sparse wireless networks. Sparse networks
have no complete network from source to
destination in intermediately connected mobile
networks.
Examples; wildlife tracking sensor networks,
military networks and interplanetary networks .
INTRODUCTION
DTNs use store-and-forward message
switching to overcome the problems
associated with intermittent connectivity, long
or variable delay, asymmetric data rates and
high error rates.
Messages are forwarded from a storage place
on one node to a storage place on another
node along a path that eventually reaches the
destination.

INTRODUCTION
Figure 1: store carry and forward mechanism
INTRODUCTION
The DTN architecture implements store-and-
forward message switching by overlaying a
new protocol layer called the bundle layer on
top of heterogeneous region-specific lower
layers.

The bundle layer ties together the region
specific lower layers so that application
programs can communicate across all regions
that make up a DTN.
INTRODUCTION
All regions that make up a DTN use a single
bundle layer.
The layers below the bundle layer e.g transport
layer are chosen for their appropriateness to the
communication environment of each region.
In DTN, there is no preexisting complete path
provided. To route a packet from source to
destination Intermediate nodes take part in
process. When the transmitting node comes into
range of intermediate node, it simply forwards the
message to that intermediate node and this way
the message reaches to the destination.

INTRODUCTION
SPRAY AND WAIT ROUTING SCHEME
Contains two phases;
I. Spray phase: source node forwards the message or
packet to intermediate node.
II. Wait phase: if destination is not found in spray
phase, each node carry the message and whenever
the destination is encountered, the node itself will
forward the message to destination.

PROPERTIES OF DTN
Low date rate and high latency- due to
frequent change of network topology and
nodes mobility.
Disconnection- created from unexpected fault
and network partition.
Long queuing delay-In DTN source node
initiate the transmission that may be expensive
because of the limited number of transmission
opportunity. Combine this issue suggest that
message need to be stored for long period of
time in message buffer.
PROPERTIES OF DTN
Limited longevity-the end to end delay from the
sensor node to the destination node is larger
than the surviving time of the node which
stores the data temporarily because of
environmental dangers or hostile action
Limited resources- nodes are mobile and
battery operated, limited memory space will
restrict the data buffering.

ROUTING PROTOCOLS
ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Categories of routing protocols:
I. Deterministic routing
II. Stochastic routing

ROUTING PROTOCOLS
DETERMINISTIC ROUTING
Assumes knowledge of network topology and
its characteristics for computing the optimal
route from source to destination.
Classified into ;
I. Oracle based routing
II. Link state based routing
III. Space time based routing

ROUTING PROTOCOLS
STOCHASTIC ROUTING
Network topology and its characteristics are
not known.
classified into;
I. Active protocol routing
II. Passive protocol routing

ROUTING PROTOCOLS
TYPES OF ACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS
I. Meet and visit (MV)
II. Message Ferrying (MF)
TYPES OF PASSIVE ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
I. Epidemic routing
II. Spray and wait

CONCLUSION
In DTN, a node is an entity with a bundle layer
which is the heart of DTN, and it supports
node to node retransmission by means of
custody transfer.
REFERENCES

1] Delay tolerant networking research group. http://www.dtnrg.org.

[2] Disruption tolerant networking. http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/DTN/.


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[6] T. Spyropoulos, K. Psounis, and C. S. Raghavendra. Spray and wait: Efficient routing in
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