2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 Version .

0
!ist"nce Vector #outing
Protocols
Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 4
2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Objectives

Identi$y the ch"r"cteristics o$ dist"nce vector routing

%rotocols.

!escribe the net&or' discovery %rocess o$ dist"nce

vector routing %rotocols using #outing In$orm"tion
Protocol (#IP).

!escribe the %rocesses to m"int"in "ccur"te routing

t"bles used by dist"nce vector routing %rotocols.

Identi$y the conditions le"ding to " routing loo% "nd

e*%l"in the im%lic"tions $or router %er$orm"nce.

#ecogni+e th"t dist"nce vector routing %rotocols "re

in use tod"y.
, 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Examples of Distance Vector routing protocols-

.
#outing In$orm"tion Protocol (#IP)
.
Interior /"te&"y #outing Protocol (I/#P)
.
0nh"nced Interior /"te&"y #outing Protocol
(0I/#P)
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Distance Vector echnolog! 1 the 2e"ning o$

!ist"nce Vector
.
A router using dist"nce vector routing %rotocols
'no&s 2 things-
3
!ist"nce to $in"l destin"tion
3
Vector, or direction, tr"$$ic should be directed
4 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Characteristics of Distance Vector routing

protocols-
.
Periodic u%d"tes
.
5eighbors
. 6ro"dc"st u%d"tes
.
0ntire routing t"ble is included &ith routing u%d"te
7 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Routing Protocol "lgorithm-

. !e$ined "s " %rocedure $or "ccom%lishing " cert"in t"s'
7 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Distance Vector Routing Protocols

#outing Protocol Ch"r"cteristics

.
Criteri" used to com%"re routing %rotocols includes
3 8ime to convergence
3
Sc"l"bility
3 #esource us"ge
3 Im%lement"tion 9 m"inten"nce
: 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
; 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
#et$or% Discover!

Router initial start up (Cold St"rts)

.
&nitial net$or% discover!
3
!irectly connected net&or's "re initi"lly %l"ced in
routing t"ble
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#et$or% Discover!

&nitial Exchange o$ #outing In$orm"tion

. I$ " routing %rotocol is con$igured then-
3 #outers &ill e*ch"nge routing in$orm"tion
3
#outing u%d"tes received $rom other routers

#outer chec's u%d"te $or ne& in$orm"tion

. I$ there is ne& in$orm"tion-
3
2etric is u%d"ted
3
5e& in$orm"tion is stored in routing t"ble
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#et$or% Discover!

Exchange of Routing &nformation

.
Router convergence is re"ched &hen
3 All routing t"bles in the net&or' cont"in the s"me net&or'
in$orm"tion
.
#outers continue to e*ch"nge routing in$orm"tion
3 I$ no ne& in$orm"tion is $ound then Convergence is re"ched
12 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
#et$or% Discover!

Convergence must be reached be$ore " net&or' is

considered com%letely o%er"ble

S%eed o$ "chieving convergence consists o$ 2

interde%endent c"tegories
. S%eed o$ bro"dc"sting routing in$orm"tion
. S%eed o$ c"lcul"ting routes
1, 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing able 'aintenance

Periodic (pdates- #IPv1 9 #IPv2

. 8hese "re time interv"ls in &hich " router sends out its entire
routing t"ble
1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing able 'aintenance

R&P uses 4 timers

.
<%d"te timer
.
Inv"lid timer
.
=olddo&n timer
.
>lush timer
14 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing able 'aintenance

)ounded (pdates* E&+RP

0I#P/ routing u%d"tes "re-

. P"rti"l u%d"tes
.
8riggered by to%ology ch"nges
. 6ounded
. 5on %eriodic
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Routing able 'aintenance

riggered (pdates
.
Conditions in &hich triggered u%d"tes "re sent
.
Inter$"ce ch"nges st"te
.
#oute becomes unre"ch"ble
.
#oute is %l"ced in routing t"ble
17 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing able 'aintenance

Random ,itter
. Synchroni+ed u%d"tes 1 " condition &here multi%le routers on
multi "ccess ?A5 segments tr"nsmit routing u%d"tes "t the
s"me time.
3 Problems &ith synchroni+ed u%d"tes
. 6"nd&idth consum%tion
.
P"c'et collisions
3 Solution to %roblems &ith
synchroni+ed u%d"tes
. <se o$ r"ndom v"ri"ble
c"lled #IP@AI880#
1: 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

Routing loops "re

.
A condition in &hich "
%"c'et is continuously
tr"nsmitted &ithin "
series o$ routers &ithout
ever re"ching its
destin"tion.
1; 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

Routing loops m"y be c"used by-

. Incorrectly con$igured st"tic routes
.
Incorrectly con$igured route redistribution
.
Slo& convergence
.
Incorrectly con$igured disc"rd routes

Routing loops c"n cre"te the $ollo&ing issues-

. 0*cess use o$ b"nd&idth
. CP< resources m"y be str"ined
.
5et&or' convergence is degr"ded
.
#outing u%d"tes m"y be lost or not %rocessed in " timely
m"nner
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Routing -oops

Count to &nfinit!
. 8his is " routing loo% &hereby %"c'ets bounce in$initely "round
" net&or'
21 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

Setting " m"*imum

Distance Vector routing protocols set " s%eci$ied

metric v"lue to indic"te in$inity
. Bnce " router Ccounts to in$inityD it m"r's the route "s
unre"ch"ble
22 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

Preventing loo%s &ith holddo&n timers

. =olddo&n timers "llo& " router to not "cce%t "ny ch"nges to "
route $or " s%eci$ied %eriod o$ time
.
Point o$ using holddo&n timers
3 Allo&s routing u%d"tes to %ro%"g"te through net&or' &ith
the most current in$orm"tion
2, 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

8he .plit /ori0on Rule is used to %revent routing

loo%s

.plit /ori0on rule-

.
A router should not "dvertise " net&or' through the inter$"ce
$rom &hich the u%d"te c"me
2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

.plit hori0on $ith

poison reverse
. 8he rule st"tes th"t
once " router le"rns o$
"n unre"ch"ble route
through "n inter$"ce,
"dvertise it "s
unre"ch"ble b"c'
through the s"me
inter$"ce
24 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing -oops

&P 1 -
.
Purpose of the - field
3
8he 88? $ield is $ound in "n IP he"der "nd is used to
%revent %"c'ets $rom endlessly tr"veling on " net&or'

/o$ the - field $or%s

.
88? $ield cont"ins " numeric v"lue
3
8he numeric v"lue is decre"sed by one by every router on
the route to the destin"tion
3
I$ numeric v"lue re"ches 0 then P"c'et is disc"rded
27 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing Protocols oda!

>"ctors used to determine &hether to use #IP or

0I/#P include
.
5et&or' si+e
. Com%"tibility bet&een models o$ routers
. Administr"tive 'no&ledge
27 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing Protocols oda!

R&P
.
2eatures of R&P*
3
Su%%orts s%lit hori+on 9 s%lit hori+on &ith %oison
reverse
3
C"%"ble o$ lo"d b"l"ncing
3
0"sy to con$igure
3
Eor's in " multi vendor router environment
2: 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Routing Protocols oda!

E&+RP
.
2eatures of E&+RP*
3
8riggered u%d"tes
3
0I/#P hello %rotocol used to est"blish neighbor
"dF"cencies
3
Su%%orts V?S2 9 route summ"ri+"tion
3
<se o$ to%ology t"ble to m"int"in "ll routes
3
Cl"ssless dist"nce vector routing %rotocol
3
Cisco %ro%riet"ry %rotocol
2; 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
.ummar!

Characteristics of Distance Vector routing protocols

. Periodic u%d"tes
. #IP routing u%d"tes include the entire routing t"ble
.
5eighbors "re de$ined "s routers th"t sh"re " lin' "nd "re
con$igured to use the s"me %rotocol

he net$or% discover! process for D3V3 routing

protocol
. !irectly connected routes "re %l"ced in routing t"ble 1
st
. I$ " routing %rotocol is con$igured then
3 #outers &ill e*ch"nge routing in$orm"tion
. Convergence is re"ched &hen "ll net&or' routers h"ve the
s"me net&or' in$orm"tion
,0 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
.ummar!

D3V3 routing protocols maintains routing tables b!

. #IP sending out %eriodic u%d"tes
. #IP using di$$erent timers to ensure in$orm"tion is "ccur"te
"nd convergence is "chieved in " timely m"nner
.
0I/#P sending out triggered u%d"tes

D3V3 routing protocols ma! be prone to routing loops

. routing loo%s "re " condition in &hich %"c'ets continuously
tr"verse " net&or'
. 2ech"nisms used to minimi+e routing loo%s include de$ining
m"*imum ho% count, holddo&n timers, s%lit hori+on, route
%oisoning "nd triggered u%d"tes
,1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
.ummar!

Conditions that can lead to routing loops include

. Incorrectly con$igured st"tic routes
.
Incorrectly con$igured route redistribution
. Slo& convergence
. Incorrectly con$igured disc"rd routes

/o$ routing loops can impact net$or%

performance includes*
. 0*cess use o$ b"nd&idth
.
CP< resources m"y be str"ined
.
5et&or' convergence is degr"ded
. #outing u%d"tes m"y be lost or not %rocessed
,2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
.ummar!

Routing &nformation Protocol 4R&P5

. A dist"nce vector %rotocol th"t h"s 2 versions
3
#IPv1 1 " cl"ss$ul routing %rotocol
3 #IPv2 1 " cl"ssless routing %rotocol

Enhanced &nterior +ate$a! Routing Protocol

4E&+RP5
. A dist"nce vector routing %rotocols th"t h"s some $e"tures o$
lin' st"te routing %rotocols
. A Cisco %ro%riet"ry routing %rotocol
,, 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public