1) Multiple access techniques allow multiple earth stations to access a satellite communication system. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
2) Random access schemes like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA allow bursty traffic from earth stations without permanent assignments. They have lower throughput than scheduled access but don't require synchronization.
3) Reservation techniques like reservation TDMA combine random access with scheduled access, using a reservation subframe for earth stations to book time in the information subframe for their transmissions.
1) Multiple access techniques allow multiple earth stations to access a satellite communication system. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
2) Random access schemes like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA allow bursty traffic from earth stations without permanent assignments. They have lower throughput than scheduled access but don't require synchronization.
3) Reservation techniques like reservation TDMA combine random access with scheduled access, using a reservation subframe for earth stations to book time in the information subframe for their transmissions.
1) Multiple access techniques allow multiple earth stations to access a satellite communication system. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
2) Random access schemes like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA allow bursty traffic from earth stations without permanent assignments. They have lower throughput than scheduled access but don't require synchronization.
3) Reservation techniques like reservation TDMA combine random access with scheduled access, using a reservation subframe for earth stations to book time in the information subframe for their transmissions.
EARTH STATION TRAFFIC MATRIX: Satellite Network organisation Satellite Networks -Fixed and Demand Assignment- Basic multiple access techniques FRE!ENC" D#$#S#%N &!'(#)'E ACCESS *FD&A+ , (here are two la-ers o. multiple access/ 0 Access to an- earth station 1- se2eral users 0 Access to the satellite 1- all earth stations , At each la-er3 the access pro1lem is sol2ed using one or a com1ination o. the 1asic multiple access techniques $arious la-ers o. multiple access FD&A (echniques FD&A -4 carrier per link- , 5ith N earth stations/ 0 Each earth station transmits *N-4+ carriers to the other stations 0 (he satellite repeater handles N*N-4+ carriers FD&A -4 carrier per station- , 5ith N earth stations 0 Each earth station transmits to one carrier modulated 1- a multiplex o. the signals to the other earth stations 0 (he satellite repeater handles N carriers %ne carrier per station FD&A throughput FD&A Summar- , Access Channel/ gi2e .requenc- 1and , Ad2antages 0 !se o. existing hardware to a greater extent than other techniques 0 Network timing not required , Disad2antages 0 As the num1er o. accesses increases3 intermodulation noise reduces the usa1le repeater output power *(5( 1ack-o..+6 7ence there is a loss o. capacit- relati2e to single carrier8transponder capacit- 0 (he .requenc- allocation ma- 1e di..icult to modi.- 0 !plink power coordination is required , #n a (D&A s-stem3 each earth station transmits tra..ic 1ursts3 s-nchroni9ed so that the- occup- ASS#:NED N%N-%$ER'A))#N: time slots6 (ime slots are organised within a periodic structure called (#&E FRA&E6 , A 1urst is recei2ed 1- all stations in the downlink 1eam and an- station can extract its tra..ic .rom an- o. the 1ursts
a B!RS( ; link .rom one station to se2eral stations *(D&A;one-link-per-station
scheme+ (D&A Satellite S-stem Burst :eneration Reco2er- o. data messages Frame Structure -Example/ #N(E'SA(8E!(E'SA( S-nchronisation -)ro1lem statement- S-nchronisation -)ro1lem statement- , Space-time graph illustrating (D&A s-nchronisation S-nchronisation -Determination o. <stat o. local (D&A .rame= instant (D&A s-nchronisation S-nchronisation o. multiple 1eam (D&A s-stems %pen loop s-nchronisation - &easurements o. round trip dela- are per.ormed 1- three ranging stations using closed loop s-nchroni9ation6 - Satellite position is deri2ed 1- triangulation and range .rom each ordinar- station to satellite is calculated at re.erence station6 - Satellite-to-station range in.ormation and .rame timing is distri1uted to all ordinar- stations 1- re.erence station Frame e..icienc- (D&A throughput (D&A summar- , Access Channel/ gi2en time slot within time .rame , Ad2antages 0 Digital signalling pro2ides eas- inter.acing with de2eloping digital networks on ground 0 Digital circuitr- has decreasing cost 0 7igher throughput compared to FD&A when num1er o. accesses is large , Disad2antages 0 Stations transmit high 1it rate 1ursts3 requiring large peak power 0 Network control is required , :eneration and distri1ution o. 1urst time plans to all tra..ic stations , )rotocols to esta1lish how stations enter the network , )ro2ision o. redundant re.erence stations with automatic switcho2er to control the tra..ic stations , &eans .or monitoring the network CD&A -Spread spectrum communications , (ransmitter spreads 1ase1and signal .rom 1andwidth 5 to B6 , B85 ; spreading .actor *4>> to 4 >>> >>>+6 , Recei2er despreads onl- signal with proper address6 , Recei2ed signals with other addresses and ?ammer are spread 1- recei2er and act as noise6 , Addresses are periodic 1inar- sequences that either modulate the carrier directl- *D#REC( SE!ENCE S"S(E&S+ or change the .requenc- state o. the carrier *FRE!ENC" 7%))#N: S"S(E&S+6 Direct sequence s-stems Direct sequence s-stems -power spectrum o. data and o. spread signal- Direct sequence s-stems -practical recei2er implementation- CD&A -Frequenc- hopping s-stems Code generation Code S-nchronisation -direct sequence s-stems- Exercise- Capacit- o. a CD&A s-stem Exercise- Capacit- o. a CD&A s-stem &ultiple access -Comparison o. multiple access techniques Ad2antages8disad2antages o. 2arious multiple access techniques Type of multiple access Advantages Disadvantages FD&A Network timing not required #ntermodulation products cause degradation and poor power utilisation Compati1le to existing hardware !plink control power required (D&A No mutual inter.erence 1etween accesses Network control required !plink power control not needed 'arge peak power transmission .or earth station &aximum use o. satellite transponder power3 most e..icient Being digital in nature inter.ace with analogue s-stem is expensi2e CD&A Network timing not required 5ide 1andwidth per user required Anti-?amming capa1ilit- Strict code s-nc6needed Random Access Schemes *4+ , FD&A8(D&A8CD&A .ixed access ha2e 1een designed .or circuit8stream tra..ic , Burst- data tra..ic 0e6g6 packets- more e..icientl- dealt with 2ia random access schemes , #n random access there is no permanent assignments 0resource is allocated when needed on a random 1asis Random Access Schemes *@+ , Simplest s-stem is A'%7A 0transmit packets and i. collide3 retransmit with random time di..erence6 , )er.ormance 2ia <throughput 2ersus dela-= , (hroughput ; N '8R 0 N; no transmissions ; packet generation rate *S -4 + 0 '; packet length *1its+ 0 R; transmission 1it rate *1its8s+ , A'%7A doesn=t need s-nchronisation , &aximum throughput 4AB Random Access Schemes *C+ , S'%((ED-A'%7A con.ines transmission to slot 1oundaries and needs time s-nchronisation , &aximum throughput is increased to CDB , As s-stem rapidl- 1ecomes unsta1le as collisions 1uild up3 usual to operate 1elow maxima C h a n n e l
t h r o u g h p u t
( S ) Channel load (G) 0!" 0#$ S-ALOHA (S=Ge -G ) ALOHA (S=Ge -2G ) Random Access Schemes *E+ , For 2aria1le length messages need to emplo- more complex scheme e6g6 slotted re?ect A'%7A , !se multi-packet message and onl- re- transmit su1-packets that collide , #ncreases throughput *>6CF+ independent o. message length Random Access Schemes *G+ , Comparison o. random access Random Access Schemes *D+ , Comparison per.ormances 0 For stream or .ile tra..ic need to use reser2ation (D&A *DA-(D&A+ schemes A%OHA S&A%OHA S&RA%OHA 'A&T'MA ' e l a ( Throughput Random Access Schemes *F+ , Reser2ation 0 (D&A , RSF; Reser2ation Su1 Frame , #SF ; #n.ormation Su1 Frame , RSF used to 1ook space in next #SF .rame according to demand , RSF can 1e operated in .ixed (D&A3 A'%7A3 S-A'%7A3 etc6 i th .rame *iH4+ .rame RS F i #SFi R S F iH4 #SF*iH4+ Random Access Schemes *A+ , Summar- 0 Select RA scheme .or tra..ic t-pe and dela-8throughput * num1er o. tx=s+ 0 (ake care to achie2e sta1ilit- 0 A'%7A/ short 1urst- tra..ic 0 S-A'%7A/ short 1urst- tra..ic 01etter throughput 0 S-R6A'%7A/ 2aria1le length messages 0 RA-(D&A/ stream or .ile trans.ers