DCS5028: DISCRETE STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 1
(PART 1)
Introduction to Logic
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Differentiate between propositions and
compound proposition.
Write the compound propositions.
Differentiate and write the Propositional
Equivalences.
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Logic
The discipline that deals with the methods of
reasoning.
Provides rules and techniques for determining
whether a given argument is valid.


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LOGIC
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All cats have four legs.
I have four legs.
I am a cat.
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Proposition
Is a declarative sentence that is either TRUE or
FALSE, but NOT BOTH
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EXAMPLE
Which of the following sentences is proposition?

Determine the truth value (true or false) of the
sentence if it is a proposition.

1. Singapore is not an ASEAN Country.
2. Apple is a fruit.
3. Just follow the step-by-step instructions, which will guide
you through the questionnaire.
4. In the film, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined
by Angelica (Lady Gaga) in his search for the Fountain of
Youth.

5. 6 + 12 * 5 = 366
6. x + y = 333
7. Cat can fly.
8. What a beautiful evening!
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(P, FALSE)
(P, TRUE)
Not a Proposition
(P, FALSE)
(P, FALSE)
Not a Proposition
(P, FALSE)
(P, TRUE/ FALSE)
EXERCISE
Which of the following are propositions?
The earth is round.
2 + 3 = 5
Listen!
5- x =3
Are you sleeping?
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COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
In logic,letters p, q, rdenote propositional
variables.
Example:
p : Today is a windy day.
q: It is cold.

Propositional variables can be combined by
logical connectives to obtain compound
proposition.
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1. Negation
2. Conjunction
2. Disjunction
3. Exclusive Disjunction (exor)
5. Implication/Conditional
6. Biconditional

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The above words are known as connectives
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Connectives Symbol Name
not ~ negation
and conjunction
or disjunction
exclusive Or exclusive
disjunction(or)
ifthen. Implication
/conditional
if and only if biconditional
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NEGATION
Let p be a proposition.
The negation of p, denoted as ~p or p, read as not
p.
Can be written in English as this is not the case that
p.
The operator is a unary operator on propositions.

The truth value of the proposition p is defined by the
truth table


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NEGATION
Example 1:
Let q: Ali can swim.
Answer : q


Example 2:
Let r : Amy is a dance instructor.
Answer: r

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Ali could not swim.
Another answer: It is not the case that Ali can swim

Amy is not a dance instructor

Another answer: It is not the case that Amy is a dance instructor
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EXERCISE
Give the negation of the following
statements:
a) p : 2+3>1
b) q: It is cold

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CONJUNCTION
Let p and q be propositions,
The proposition of p and q, denoted by p q.
The proposition that is TRUE when both p and q
are TRUE and is FALSE otherwise.
The proposition p q is called a conjunction of p
and q.

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p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

CONJUNCTION
Example 3:
Form the conjunction of p and q for the following.

Let p: Ali enjoys running. Let q: Ali likes hiking.
Answer:




QUESTION
What is the truth value of compound proposition above,
if the p proposition is TRUE and q proposition is
FALSE?
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Ali likes running and hiking. Or Ali enjoys running and hiking.
FALSE
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EXERCISE:
Form the conjunction of p and q for each of
the following and determine the truth value
for the compound proposition:
a) p: 2 < 3 q: -5 > -8
b) p: 2 + 5 7 q: 2 <5
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DISJUNCTION
Let p and q be propositions.
The disjunction of p or q, denoted by p q, is a
compound proposition means p or q.
Disjunction of p or q is the proposition that is FALSE
when p and q are both false and TRUE otherwise.
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p q p V q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
DISJUNCTION
Example 4
Let p: John is at the library.
Let q: John is studying.
Answer:




QUESTION
What is the truth value of propositions in example
above, if the p proposition is false and the q proposition
is true?
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John is at the library or John is studying
Or
John is either at the library or he is studying
TRUE
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EXERCISE:
Form the disjunction of p and q for each of
the following and determine the truth value
for the compound proposition:
a) p: 2 < 3 q: 2 is a positive integer
b) p: 2 + 5 7 q: 2 is a positive integer
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EXCLUSIVE DISJUNCTION(EXOR)
Let p and q be propositions.
The exclusive or of p and q, is denoted by p q.
Exclusive OR of p q is the proposition that is
TRUE when EXACTLY ONE of the propositions(p,q)
is TRUE and is FALSE otherwise.
Example:
p: I left for Singapore on Monday
q: I left for Singapore on Wednesday
Exactly one of the two possibilities could have
occurred. Both could not have occurred.

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EXCLUSIVE-OR

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p q p q
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
EXCLUSIVE DISJUNCTION(EXOR)
Example 5:
Let p: Muthu likes to eat. q: Muthu likes to watch
movies.
Answer:



QUESTION
What is the truth value of propositions in example
above, if both p and q propositions are false?

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Muthu likes to eat exclusive or watching movies
FALSE
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IMPLICATION
Let p and q be propositions.
The implication of p and q, denoted by pq, is a
compound proposition that means if p then q.
In this implication, p is called the hypothesis and q is
called the conclusion (or consequence).
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EXERCISE
Form the implication p q for each of the
following:
a) p: I am hungry q: I will eat
b) p: It is raining q: 3+ 5 = 8

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IMPLICATION
For an implication :
The converse of it is q p
The contrapositive of it is q p
The proposition of p q is called the inverse of p q.

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Example 6
Let p: Muthu likes to eat. q: Muthu likes to watch movies.

1. pq:
2. Converse:
3. Contrapositive:
4. Inverse:


Answer:
1. If Muthu likes to eat, then he likes to watch movies.
2. If Muthu likes to watch movies, then he likes to eat.
3. If Muthu doesnt like to watch movies, then he doesnt
like to eat
4. If Muthu doesnt like to eat, then he doesnt like to
watch movies

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IMPLICATION (CONTINUED)
What is the truth value for (1) to (4) in
Example 6, if p is TRUE and q is FALSE?

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JUST FOR FUN
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IF
THEN
1
1
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What is the truth value for this implication?
Answer: T F = F
BICONDITIONAL
Let p and q be propositions.
The biconditional of p if and only if q, denoted by p
q.
The Biconditional for p q is TRUE when p and q have
the same truth values, and is FALSE otherwise.

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BICONDITIONAL
Example 7
Let p: Muthu likes to eat. q: Muthu likes to watch
movies.
Answer:


QUESTION
What is the truth value of propositions in example given,
if both p and q proposition are FALSE?
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Muthu likes to eat if and only if he likes to watch movies.
TRUE
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EXERCISE
Is the following biconditional a true
statement?

3 > 2 if and only if 0 < 3-2.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of these sentences are propositions? What are the
truth-values of those that are propositions?
2 * 4 = 8
Stand UP!!!.
Mr. Mat Aris is the Manager for CDP.
2. What is the negation for each of the propositions below?
PHP is an Open Source Software.
(24 * 12) / 3 = 36.
3. Given that proposition r is true, proposition s is true and
proposition m is false, determine whether each
proposition below is true or false.
r m
r (m s)





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REVIEW QUESTIONS
4. Let p and q be the propositions Michael likes scuba
diving and Michael likes hiking. Express each of these
compound propositions as an English sentence.
q
p q
p q
p q
5. State the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the
following proposition: If an object is a triangle then it is a
polygon.
6. Construct a truth table for each of these compound
propositions.
p q
p (q r )
(p q) (p q)






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REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. Let p and q be the propositions
p: Your car is out of gas.
q: You can't drive your car.
Write the following propositions using p and q and logical
connectives.
Your car is not out of gas.
You can't drive your car if it is out of gas.
Your car is not out of gas if you can drive it.
If you can't drive your car then it is out of gas.
8. Given that proposition p is false, proposition q is true, and
proposition r is false, determine whether each proposition
below is true or false.
p q
p q
(p q) (p r)






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