1

Gas Dynamics
MS Process & Mechanical Engineering
3
rd
Semester

Instructor:
Dr. Kamran Rasheed Qureshi
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Shock Wave at High Angle of Attack
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Normal Shock Waves and Related Topics
Flow over a blunt body
Flow in a nozzle body
Examples of Normal Shock Waves
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Basic Normal Shock Equations
Consider the continuity equation in the integral form as:
Consider a rectangular control volume abcd given by dashed line in the
following figure. The shock wave is inside the control volume as shown.
Hence for the control volume shown, the above equation becomes
Continuity equation for normal
shock
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Cont.(Basic Normal Shock Equations)
Now consider the momentum equation
Since the flow is moving only in one direction, so we need to consider only
the scalar x component of above equation which is
The surface integrals in the above equation become
Momentum equation for
normal shock waves.
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Cont.(Basic Normal Shock Equations)
Now consider the energy equation in integral form. For steady, adiabatic, and
inviscid flow with no body forces this equation becomes:
Evaluating the above equation for the control surface shown in figure, we have
Dividing the above equation by
1
u
1
and
2
u
2

Energy equation for
normal shock waves
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Cont.(Basic Normal Shock Equations)
So the basic normal shock equations are
Continuity:
Momentum:
Energy:
Equation of state:
Enthalpy:
We have five equations for five unknowns namely,
2
, p
2
, u
2
, h
2
and T
2

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Calculation of Normal Shock Wave Properties.
Basic normal shock wave problem: given the conditions in region 1
ahead of the shock, calculate the conditions in region 2 behind the shock.
(1) (2)
(3)
(4) (5)
Dividing (2) by (1), we obtain
Also as we know that then the above equation becomes
This equation is the combination of the continuity and momentum equation.
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Cont..
The energy equation, equation (3), can be used in one of its alternate forms,
namely
This equation can be written for region 1 and region 2 as:
Substituting the above equations into the equation and then
after solving we obtain
Prandtl Relation
The above equation can also be written as
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Cont..
The above equation can also be written as
Substituting the above equation in the following equation
And after some manipulations, we obtain
It is our first major result for normal shock wave. It states that the Mach
number behind the wave is a function only of the Mach number ahead of the
wave.
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Cont..
Similarly we can obtain the ratios of the thermodynamic properties
1
/
2
, p
1
/p
2

and T
1
/T
2
which are
Important questions
1) Can we have normal shock if upstream Mach number is less than 1?

2) Why does the entropy increase across the normal shock wave?
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Cont..
Variation of properties across a normal shock wave as function of
upstream Mach number: = 1.4
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Measurement of Velocity in a Compressible Flow
Subsonic Flow
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Cont
Supersonic Flow
Rayleigh Pitot Tube Formula
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Hugoniot Conditions
As we know that the relations for the normal shock wave involve velocities and
Mach number.
Changes across normal shock wave can also be expressed in terms of purely
thermodynamic variables as follows:
From continuity and momentum equations, we know that
Solving for
Alternatively we can solve the continuity and momentum equation for u
2

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Cont(Hugoniot Conditions)
From energy equation we know that
Substituting the previously derived relations for u
1
and u
2
, in the above
equation, we have
This simplifies to
Hugoniot Equation
It has certain advantages because it relates only thermodynamic quantities
across the shock.
By definition we have
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Cont(Hugoniot Conditions)
Now consider a specific shock with a specific
value of upstream velocity u
1
.

How can we locate a specific point on the
Hugoniot curve, point 2, which corresponds to
this particular shock?
Hugoniot Curve
As we have
We know that
On rearranging we obtain
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Oblique Shock and expansion waves
Oblique shock and expansion waves are prevalent in two and three dimensional
supersonic flows.
These waves are inherently two dimensional in nature.
Formation of oblique shock
Formation of expansion waves
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Cont.
Why are most waves oblique rather than normal to the upstream flow?
Relationship between
oblique shock angle and
mach wave angle
Mach angle
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Oblique Shock Relations
Consider a oblique shock wave as sketched in the following figure:
Applying the continuity equation over the control surfaces of the control volume
Continuity equation
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
Momentum equation can be resolved into two components; normal and
tangential to the shock wave.
First consider the tangential component
After control volume analysis we obtain
It is an important result: it states that the tangential component of the flow
velocity is constant across an oblique shock.
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
The normal component of the integral momentum equation is
After control volume analysis the above equation becomes
Similarly, we can write the energy equation after control volume analysis
We know that from the fig that
Hence
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
Lets now gather our results
Continuity equation
Normal component of
Momentum eq
Energy equation
These equation involve the normal components of the velocity that is u
1
and
u
2
. The tangential component does not appear in these equations.
Same algebra as applied to the normal shock equations when applied to
above equations will lead to identical expression for changes across oblique
shock in terms of the normal component of the upstream Mach number M
n,1

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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
Note that
Hence
The temperature ratio follows from the equation of state
M
2
can be found from M
n,2
as
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
The above equation introduces deflection angle in to oblique shock analysis;
we need to be able to calculate M
2
.
is a parameter which is function of M
1
and as follows:
From the geometry of figure
Dividing the above two equations and invoking the continuity equation we have
, , M relation
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
This relation is vital to the analysis of oblique shock and the results obtained
from it are plotted in the following figure for =1.4.
This plot provides wealth of physical phenomena associated with oblique shock
waves. For example
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
1). For a given upstream Mach number M
1
, if >
Max

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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
2). For any given less than
Max
, there are two oblique shock solutions for a
given upstream Mach number.

For example, if M
1
= 2 and =15
o
then can equal either 45.3 or 79.8.
3). If =0, then equals either 90
o
or
4).
Effect of increasing the Mach number
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Cont.(Oblique Shock Relations)
5). Effect of increasing the deflection angle.
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Supersonic Flow over Wedges and Cones
Flow over a wedge
Flow over a cone
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Shock Interactions and Reflections
Regular reflection of shock from a solid
boundary
Mach reflection
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Cont(Shock Interactions and Reflections)
Intersection of left and right running shock waves
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Cont(Shock Interactions and Reflections)
Intersection of two left running shock waves
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Detached Shock Wave in Front of a Blunt Body
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Shock Polar
Graphical explanations go a long way towards the understanding of
supersonic flow with shock waves.
One such graphical representation of oblique shock properties is given by
shock polar described below:
Physical plane
Hodograph plane
The graph of velocity components V
x
and V
y
is called Hodograph plane.
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Cont(Shock Polar)
Shock polar for a given V
1

Geometric construction using
shock polar
Shock polar for different Mach number
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Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves
An expansion wave emanating from sharp convex corner as sketched in
above figure, is called centered expansion wave.
The problem of expansion wave is as follows:

Given the upstream flow (region 1) and the deflection angle, calculate the
downstream flow (region 2).
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Cont(Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves)
Consider a very weak wave produced by an infinitesimal small flow deflection
d as sketched in the following figure:
We consider the limit of this picture as d 0; hence the wave is essentially
a Mach wave at the angle to the upstream flow.
examining the geometry in the above figure, from the law of sine applied to
the triangle ABC we see that
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Cont(Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves)
From trigonometric identities, we know that
Substituting the above two equations in the previous equation, we have
For small d, the above equation becomes
Expanding a power series and ignoring the high order terms, we have
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Cont(Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves)
And finally we obtain
This is the differential equation which precisely describe the flow inside the
expansion wave.
Let us integrate the above equation
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Cont(Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves)
In the above equation the integral
is called the Prandtl-Meyer function. Carrying out the integration the above
equation becomes
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Reflection and Intersection of Expansion Waves
Refection of expansion wave from flat wall
Intersection of expansion waves

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1) A diaphragm at the end of 4m long pipe containing air at a pressure of
200 kPa and a temperature of 30
o
C suddenly ruptures causing an expansion
wave to propagate down the pipe. Find the velocity at which the air is
discharged from the pipe if the ambient air pressure is 103 kPa. Also find the
velocity of the front and the back of the wave and hence find the time taken
for the front of the wave to reach the end of pipe.
2) A shock tube essentially consists of a long tube containing air and
separated into two sections by a diaphragm. The pressures on the two sides
of the diaphragm are 300 kPa and 30 kPa and the temperature is 15
o
C in
both sections. If the diaphragm is suddenly ruptured, find the velocity of the
air between the moving shock wave and the moving expansion wave that are
generated.
Problems