What is Internet

 Internet is an Inter-connection among

several computers of different types
belonging to various networks all over
the globe.
 It is often described as “network of
networks” because all the smaller
networks of organisations are linked
together into one giant network.
 Internet is a world wide organisation
of computer network. When you are
at Internet, you become a part of
that group of millions of people who
use the computer for exchanging
their idea and information.
 Internet is also referred as web.
 Internet is Information Super
Highway

Internet is called the Highway of

information. When you travel on a
highway, you come across different
people, incidents and groups,
likewise Internet is also a treasure or
source of information.
 History of Internet
 1969 is the birth year of Internet
 ARPAnet (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network) was the
first network started by Department
of Defence (DOD) of United States of
America.
 It began in with one computer at
California and three at Utah.
 Later to share the software and
hardware resources, the military
allowed Universities to join the
network and gradually by the year
1979, it started being known as
Internet.
 The OSI Model
->Open system Interconnection (OSI)
was developed by ISO (International
Standards Organization)
->OSI that follows a set of protocols that
allows any two different systems to
communicate with each other regardless of
their underlying architecture.
 Contin…
 The OSI model is a layered framework
for the designing of network systems
that allows communication between all
types of computer systems.
 It consists of seven separate but related
layers, each of which defines a part of
the process of moving information
across a network.
What are the seven layers ?

Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data Link
Layer 1 Physical
 Layers
 In the sense of purpose and responsibility, each layer is
separate and independent
 Each has its own function, but also provides a service to
those layers above and below itself
 The model should be considered an aid to understanding
the nature of communication on the network – and useful
in sorting out troubles that might occur on a network
 By providing, it allows both software engineers and
hardware manufacturers ensure their products work
together.
 The layers at work
NODE A NODE B
Sending Device Receiving Devic e

Layer 7 Supports the communication between Layer 7

Application Layer applications over the network Application Layer

Layer 6 Presents data to the receiver Layer 6

Presentation Layer in a form it recognises Presentation Layer

Layer 5 Establishes a connection and Layer 5

Session Layer terminates it when no longer required Session Layer

Layer 4 Acknowledges the flow of data Layer 4

Transport Layer including re-transmission where required Transport Layer

Layer 3 Adds the appropriate network Layer 3

Network Layer addresses to packets Network Layer

Layer 2 Adds the MAC addresses to packets Layer 2

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Transmits the data on the medium Layer 1

Physical Layer Physical Layer
 How does data flow 1 ?
When data is sent from the application on
the source computer the following
happens
 Data in the form of a packet moves down

through the layers

 When it reaches the Physical Layer it is

ready to be sent along the cable

 At the Physical Layer the bits may be

analogue or digital, in the form of

electrical, light or radio waves
 How does data flow ? (2)

 The data is transmitted to the destination

device
 It travels up through the layers of the OSI
model, reaching the user.
 As data moves down through the layers it is
encapsulated – ie additional information is
added.
 The data in the packet does not change
 How does internet
work?
Internet Cloud

Customer
Web server
Web server
Web server
Customer Customer
Customer Web server
Customer

Web server

Customer
Customer Web server
Customer Customer
Internet uses a protocol called TCP\IP
Each system is assigned with an IP address
Each server has a name called Domain Name
We refer to the server with Domain Name
A DNS (Domain Naming Service) Server resolves
the IP address with the name
 Internet
Cloud

Router

ISP

Web server

Web server
Customer
What do we need to connect
Internet

 A Computer
 A Modem
 Connecting Media
 Account with ISP
 Web Browser
 Computer
A Computer is the basic requirement
to access Internet.
 Modem
 Modem is the modulator and
demodulator which converts analog
to digital signal and vice-versa.
 It can be internal or external.
 Connecting Media
Connecting Media can be
 Ordinary Telephone line

 ISDN line

 Leased line

 Cable connection
 ISP (Internet Service Provider)

ISPs are those who connect the

individual users to the Internet. They
setup a server which are connected
to the Internet through dedicated
lines round the clock.
 Some common ISPs
 America Online
 India Online
 Satyam Online
 VSNL
 Seraphic
 Sky Cable
 Web Browser

It is a software and necessary tool for

exploring the web. It helps to move
from one web site to another web
site.
Some popular web browsers are
Mosaic
Neo Planet
Netscape Navigator
Opera
Internet Explorer
 How to access Internet

 The user has to register himself to

any one of the ISPs by paying the
requisite amount.
 Different ISPs have different tariffs
and different ways of registrations.
 Why do we use Internet

 To get in touch with near and dears

through
Electronic mail (E-mail)
Keyboard chat
Internet Telephone
Video Conferencing
 Continue…..
 To access to lots of databases,
libraries and news groups around the
world for gaining information on any
topics of your interest.
 To access and share information on
all topics ranging from agriculture to
astronomy.
 Cont…
 To stay up-to-date with news, sports,
weather & world wide current affairs.
 To listen sounds, music and watch
digital movies.
 To enjoy a number of interactive
multimedia games and gain knowledge
through several educational tools.
 To visit an electronic zoo or a
museum.
 Continue…

 To get latest information about

movies & your favorite stars.
 You can also publish information
about yourself, your family, your
organisation, hobbies and interests.
 To learn foreign language & to make
friends globally.
 And there is no limit to it.
 Electronic Mail
(The Internet as a post man)

 Electronic mail or e-mail is the

process of sending and receiving of
messages by one user to one or
more other computer users over a
computer network in a digital form.
 It is very similar to our traditional
mail system with post boxes, post
offices, envelopes and addresses.
The difference is that instead of
sending it manually, it is sent
electronically.
By using email, you will be able to electronically

 Send messages or memos

 Receive and read messages
 Reply to messages
 Forward messages
 Send the same message to a list of
people with one stroke
 Attach a text file such as a report to
your email message
 Save mail to a file and print the
message
 How does it work
 The process of e-mail is also very similar
to traditional mail.
 An e-mail is made up of two parts, the
address and the message. Depending on
the address, the message is sent to the
receiver of the letter. But the message is
not delivered. Instead, it is stored in the
mail server. When the receiver logs in and
checks In-box, he gets his message.
 E-mail Account

 To become an e-mail user, you need to

setup your own email-account.
 There are number of sites with whom
you can register your e-mail account.
They also provide additional services
such as receiving regular news from
various sites of your choice.
 Some of them are free whereas for
others, you have to pay
Some of the sites to provide free e-
mail services are
www.yahoo.com
www.hotmail.com
www.rediff.com
Some of the sites to provide paid e-
mail service are
www.123india.com
www.usa.net
www.mahaemail.com
 Setting of e-mail account

Click at New User? Sign up

 E-mail Address

 In order to receive or send email,

you need to have an email address
and you need to know the address of
the person to whom you wish to
send a message.
 Addresses are made up in a
standard way using the following
elements:
 User identification e.g. egtoget,
your name or a name you wish to
choose. It is usual to have part of
your own name to make it easily
identifiable.
 The @ or at symbol to separate
user name and domain name
 The domain name of the computer
receiving your mail e.g. yahoo for
Yahoo.com
 The type of organisation e.g. co
for commercial organisation or
gov for government.
 And finally in to locate the address
in India
The final address will look like this:
egtoget@yahoo.com
 How to send e-mail
Email messages are generally sent
from and received by mail servers-
computers that are dedicated for
processing & directing e-mail. Once a
server has received a message, it
directs it to the specific computer to
which the e-mail is addressed
 Advantages of E-mail

 Speed: It is a fast means of

communication
 Multimedia: Along with text, sound,
images, video and computer
software can be sent.
 Cost: It is lot cheaper than postal
mail.
 Disadvantages of E-mail

 You can’t send anything without an

e-mail facility
 You can’t send anything physical like
money, book or floppy.
 Chatting
Chatting is one of the most popular
activities on the Internet and
involves people of all ages coming
together in areas where they can join
in on in a variety of topics that they
are interested in with people all
around the world.
One of the most popular forms of
online chatting is Web-based
chats. Web-based chats are,
essentially, specially designed Web
sites that allow visitors to
exchange messages with one
another in real-time.
When you visit a Web-based chat site for
the first time, you will be asked to
choose a name (or 'alias') and a
password. You can choose any name
you like and that is the name by which
you will be known to all other
participants on that particular site.
The password is used to confirm your
identity each time you visit the site
(only you should know the password
that you selected when you signed up).
The best feature of Web-based chats is that
you access them with your Web browser–
no special software is required.
 When you’ll click on any chat
category, the next screen will display
the chat rooms i.e. the chat areas.
 Chat rooms can have specific or
broad themes. One chat room might
be dedicated to teenagers. Another
might be dedicated to sports buffs or
cartoon fanatics. The chat rooms
themselves will be clearly labeled,
and you will be provided with
instructions on how to access
particular chat rooms on the site
itself.
 Chat rooms generally include a text box
for typing your messages, a large window
area used to display the messages typed
by chat participants and a smaller window
with a list of all the participants in the chat
room.
 To help you keep track of who is saying what,
each message is preceded by the name of the
person that sent it. Also, on some chat systems,
messages are displayed in different colours.
 As a general rule, your messages are broadcast
to the screens of all the other chat participants
as soon as you elect to send it (usually by
clicking the 'send' icon or hitting the Return/Enter
key).
 Some of the more advanced
Web-based chats allow you to
hold private conversations, so
that your messages only appear
on the screens of those
participants that you wish to talk
to.
Instant Messaging

The Web isn't the only place where you

can meet people online.

Instant messaging is becoming an

increasingly popular means of
communicating one-to-one with friends.
Web-based chats are generally
'public' forums, so everyone can
read your messages.

Instant messaging largely

overcomes these problems, but to
take advantage of instant
messaging features, users must first
download and install special
software.
Each time you connect to the Internet and
run your instant messaging software, a list
of all your friends currently online is
displayed. You can then compose and
send messages to your friends. The
messages will be displayed immediately on
their computer screens. Alternatively, their
instant messaging software will 'beep' to
alert them of an incoming message.
 Instant messaging software

Some of the instant messaging

software are:
ICQ-http://www.icq.com/
Ichat-http://www.ichat.com
Yahoo! Messenger-
http://messenger.yahoo.com/
PowWow-http://www.tribal.com/powwow/
 What is video conferencing
 If you would like to be a receiver – that is
only ‘see and hear the conversation’, you
will be able to do this any standard Mac
and if you have a Sound card and Video
card on any standard PC.
 If you would also like to be a sender that
is-’transmit your voice and video’, you will
also need a digital camera and PC users
will need a microphone.
 How to download files

 Downloading refers to the actual

transferring of the document from the
internet to your own computer.
 Setting up a separate download
directory to store your downloaded files
into it so that they don’t get mixed up
with any other programs/files on your
system, and so you always know where
you can find them should you have to
reinstall or find the files at a later date.
 What is search Engine

 Search engines exist to help you find

the relevant information you require.
With a search engine, you can sort
through vast amounts of online
information and pinpoint the material
you want
 Search engines work by matching
words you enter with the same
words found in various information
sites on the internet
Some of the famous search engines
are
www.google.com
www.altavista.com
www.yahoo.com
www.indiatimes.com
 Mathematics
Internet helps students to get
information from a to z in maths
through many free sites. Some of
them are:
www.plus.maths.org
www.archives.math.utk.edu
www.mathworld.wolfram.com
 Sports

Some sites providing free information

about sports are:
www.espn.go.com
www.sports.yahoo.com
www.khel.com
 Science

Some sites that provide free

information related to science are:
www.plus1plus2.com
www.sciencenews.org
www.sciencedaily.com
 General Knowledge

Some of the sites where you can gain

knowledge:
www.knowledgebk.com
www.encarta.msn.com
www.nytimes.com
 News

Various sites to get online news

instantly are:
www.aajtak.com
www.cnn.com
www.bbc.com
www.ch.com
 Cinemas

We can view the clippings of any

movie on net through these sites:
www.indiafm.com
www.bollywoodheaven.com
www.amazon.com