CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG

2014
A cyanide is any chemical compound that
contains monovalent combining group CN.
This group, known as the cyano group,
consists of a carbon atom
triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.

.
What is Cyanide ???

In inorganic cyanides, such as sodium cyanide,
NaCN, this group is present as the negatively-
charged polyatomic cyanide ion (CN-);
these compounds, which are regarded as salts
of hydrocyanic acid, are highly toxic.
The cyanide ion is isoelectronic with
carbon monoxide and with molecular nitrogen.
Most cyanides are highly toxic.
What is Cyanide ???
Acids : HCN
Salt : KCN, NaCN, etc.
Complex Compound : Fe(CN)
6
3-
Organic Compound : R-CN (also called as Nitril Compound)

in what compounds cyanide can be found ???
Pure cyanide is colorless, volatile slightly above room temperature
(26
0
C ), very toxic and characteristic odor. This smell will smell
when the concentration is greater than or equal to 1 ppm, and no
longer smell the gas odor when closed another or the sensory nerve
has been damaged / crippled. The molecular weight is light, hard
terionisir, and easy to diffuse. It is therefore easy cyanide gas is
inhaled through the respiratory tract (lungs), the digestive tract,
and skin
How Characteristic of cyanide ???

How synthesis Hidrogen Cyanide ???
This process called as Andruss Sow
Oxidation
Where Cyanide can found ???
Cassava
Cherries seeds Bamboo Sprout
Almond
And so on..
apple seeds
.
Attention !
However, not to worry too much,
though it contains harmful toxins,
but reported that the toxins in
these foods is still relatively low
and can be tolerated for
consumption. So long as we cook /
eat it properly, it will not
dangerous
Cyanide used in many laboratories, especially in the form of a
solution to the 2% level. Hydrocyanida acid (prussic acid) is widely
used for a variety of chemical process synthesis reactions, but
most are traded for fumigation to kill animals, bacteria, fleas and
rats mice in rooms, warehouses and ships.

In the form of salts such as KCN, NaCN, AgCN, used for
photographic purposes, penyempuhan metal and staining. In the
metal plating, cyanide acid used in the cleaning process, hardening
and metal to metal penyempuhan get pure gold metal seeds from
seed
Advantages of cyanide ???
Mechanism of TOXICITY CYANIDE
Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) released a broad spectrum of
toxic compounds in each organism . This is due to its
ability to bind minerals such as Mn
+2
, Fe
+2
and Cu
+2
is a
very important role as a cofactor for memgoptimalkan
action of the enzyme , inhibiting the reduction process
oxygen respiratory chain cellular level by cytochrome
oxidase , transport electrons in the process of
photosynthesis , and the activity of some enzymes such
as catalase , oxidase , etc. .

.
Mechanism of TOXICITY CYANIDE
One mechanism of toxicity is the most
common HCN binds to the iron ion . HCN
after being released quickly absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract into the blood .
Cianida ion (CN
-
) subsequently binds to the
heme Fe and reacts with ferric (oxidation)
in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
formed in the mitochondria , forming a
stable complex and arrested respiration
pathway . Consequently hemoglobin can not
release oxygen in the electron transport
system and cellular death due to hypoxia
( lack of oxygen cells )





The trade started in 1957 in the Philippines.
Cyanide poisoning was the simplest method of
collecting the fish, and it is estimated that
over the past 40 years, in Philippine waters
alone, over 1 million kg of sodium cyanide
has been squirted onto tropical reefs.
Concentrations of cyanide as low as 50 mg/L
are enough to cause the death of corals.
About 30 percent of coral reefs are in
Southeast Asian waters, and they have the
greatest diversity of marine life anywhere on
the planet. It is believed that the effects of
cyanide on the reefs in the Philippines and
Indonesia, the sources of 85 percent of
tropical fish, have contributed to the
destruction of vast areas of reef. In fact,
only 4 percent of Philippine reefs and 7
percent of Indonesian reefs are in excellent
condition
exampel of case
Cyanide and tropical fish