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Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S.

Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
SISTEMAS DE CONTROL 1
Referencia:
Diagramas de Bloque y de Flujo

CARLOS JO MIRANDA

Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.1
The space shuttle
consists of multiple
subsystems. Can you
identify those that are
control systems, or parts
of control systems?
NASA-Houston.
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.2
Components of a
block diagram for
a linear,
time-invariant
system
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.3
a. Cascaded
subsystems;
b. equivalent transfer
function
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.4
Loading in
cascaded
systems
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
1
1
La ecuacin (1) fu escrita asumiendo que los subsistemas adyacentes
interconectados no se cargan entre ellos, caso contrario esa ecuacion
no es vlida. Veamos los casos de la fig. 5.4
( )
( )
( )
i
V s
G s
V s

1 1 2 2 2
2
1
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2 2
2
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
1 1
( )
; ( )
1 1
( )
si estas redes son colocadas en cascada, podemos verificar que su funcin
de transferencia es
1
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
( )
( )
i
RC V s R C
G s
V s
s s
RC R C
V s RC R C
G s
V s
s s
RC R C R C RC R




2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
pero si empleando la ecuacin (1)
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
( )
Las dos ltimas ecuaciones no son las mismas, la penultima ecuacin
tiene un termino adicional y es la correcta.
C
RC R C
G s G s G s
s s
RC R C RC R C


Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.5
a. Parallel
subsystems;
b. equivalent
transfer
function
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.6
a. Feedback control
system;
b. simplified model;
c. equivalent transfer
function
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Sistema con Realimentacin (Feedback)
De la fig. 5.6b
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , desde que ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) , efectuando las susticiones y simplicaciones
( )
adecuadas, obtenemos para
E s R s C s H s C s E s G s
C s
E s
G s

la FT ( ) ( ) / ( )

Al producto se le denomina l ( ) ( ) Funcin
( )
de Transferencia
de Lazo Abierto
( )
1 ( ) ( )
a
Ganancia del Lazo o
e
e
G s H
G s
G s
G s C s R s
G s
s
s H

Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise


Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.7
Block diagram
algebra for summing
junctions
equivalent forms for
moving a block
a. to the left past a
summing junction;
b. to the right past a
summing junction
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.8
Block diagram algebra
for pickoff points
equivalent forms for
moving a block
a. to the left past a
pickoff point;
b. to the right past a
pickoff point
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.9
Block
diagram
for
Example5.1
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.10
Steps in solving
Example 5.1:
a. collapse summing
junctions;
b. form equivalent
cascaded system
in the forward path
and equivalent
parallel system in the
feedback path;
c. form equivalent
feedback system and
multiply by cascaded
G
1
(s)

Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.11
Block diagram for
Example 5.2
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.12
Steps in the
block diagram
reduction for
Example 5.2
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.13
Block diagram
for
Skill-
Assessment
Exercise 5.1
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.14
Second-order
feedback control
system
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.15
Feedback system for
Example 5.3
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.16
Feedback system for
Example 5.4
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.17
Signal-flow graph components:
a. system;
b. signal;
c. interconnection of systems and signals
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.18
Building signal-flow
graphs:
a. cascaded system
nodes (from Figure 5.3(a));
b. cascaded system
signal-flow graph;
c. parallel system
nodes (from Figure 5.5(a));
d. parallel system
signal-flow graph;
e. feedback system
nodes (from Figure
5.6(b));
f. feedback system
signal-flow graph
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.11
Block diagram for
Example 5.2
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.19
Signal-flow graph
development:
a. signal nodes;
b. signal-flow graph;
c. simplified signal-
flow graph
1 3 2
2 2 1 2 1 3 3
( ) ( )[1 ( )]
( )
[1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )][1 ( ) ( )]
G s G s G s
T s
G s H s G s G s H s G s H s


Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.20
Signal-flow graph
for demonstrating
Masons rule
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Regla de MASON
Definiciones: (referirse a la fig. 5.20, para el ejemplo)
Ganancia de LAZO: El producto de las ganancias de las Ramas cuando se
recorre un camino que sale y regresa al mismo Nodo. En el ejem. Hay 4 lazos:







Ganancia de un Camino Directo: El producto de las ganancias cuando se recorre
desde el nodo de entrada al nodo de salida en el diagrama de seales, en la
direccin del flujo de las seales.

2 1
4 2
4 5 3
4 6 3
1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( ) ( )
4. ( ) ( ) ( )
G s H s
G s H s
G s G s H s
G s G s H s
1 2 3 4 5 7
1 2 3 4 6 7
1. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
G s G s G s G s G s G s
G s G s G s G s G s G s
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Lazos que no se tocan: Lazos que no tienen ningn nodo en comn.




Ganancia de lazos que no se tocan: El producto de las ganancias de los
lazos que no se tocan, tomados de a dos, de a tres, de a cuatro o mas al
mismo tiempo



2 1 4 2
2 1 4 5 3
2 1 4 6 3
1. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
G s H s G s H s
G s H s G s G s H s
G s H s G s G s H s
2 1 4 2 4 5 3
4 6 3
El lazo ( ) ( ) no toca a los lazos ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ),
y ( ) ( ) ( ).
G s H s G s H s G s G s H s
G s G s H s
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Regla de MASON
La Funcin de Transferencia de un sistema representado por un
Grfico de Flujo de Seales es:
donde:
el nmero de camino
( )
( )
s directo

s
el _ camino di

( )
k k
k
k
T
C s
G s
k
T k esim
R
o
s

recto
1 ganancia de lazos ganancia de lazos que no se tocan tomados
dos a la vez ganancia de lazos que no se tocan tomados tres
tres a la vez ganancia de lazos

que no se tocan tomados cuatro


cuatro a la vez ...................
trminos de las ganancias de los lazos en que tocan al _
camino directo. En otras pal
k
k esimo

abras, es formado eliminando de


a las ganancias de los lazos que tocan el _ camino directo.
k
k esimo

Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise


Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 5.21
Signal-flow graph for
Example 5.7
Encontrar la Funcin de
Transferencia
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Solucin
1 2 3 4 5
2 1 4 2 7 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Identificar las :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) solo hay uno
Identificar la :
( ) ( ), (
ganancias de
) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
caminos directos
ganancia de lazos
( ) ( )
Iden
G s G s G s G s G s
G s H s G s H s G s H s G s G s G s G s G s G s G s
2 1 4 2
2 1 7 4
tificar los
Luego la combinacin de lazos que no se tocan tomados dos al mismo
ti
lazos
empo, son:
Lazo 1 y lazo 2: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Lazo 1 y lazo 3: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Lazo 2 y lazo 3
que no se tocan
G s H s G s H s
G s H s G s H s
4 2 7 4
: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) G s H s G s H s
Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition by Norman S. Nise
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
2 1 4 2 7 4
2
Finalmente, los lazos que no se tocan tomados tres al mismo tiempo:
Lazos 1, 2, y 3: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Ahora, aplicando la Regla de Mason y sus definiciones, formamos
y . Luego:
=1-[ (
k
G s H s G s H s G s H s
G

1 4 2 7 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 4 2 2 1 7 4
4 2 7 4 2 1 4 2 7 4
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
Formamos eliminand
k
s H s G s H s G s H s
G s G s G s G s G s G s G s
G s H s G s H s G s H s G s H s
G s H s G s H s G s H s G s H s G s H s

1 7 4
1 1 1 2 3
=1 (
o de las ganancias de los lazos que tocan el
camino directo:

Reemplazando en la formula de la regla de Mason:

) ( )
[ ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =
G s H s
T G s G s G G
k
s
th
G s

4 5 7 4

Desde que hay solo un camino directo, ( ) tiene solo un trmino, en vez
de una suma de trminos, cada uno saliendo
( ) ( )][
de un
1 ( ) ( )]
camino directo.
s G s G s H s
G s

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