Wireless

Communication Lab
A Simple Transmit Diversity
Technique For Wireless
Communications
Siavash M. Alamouti
Moon Geun Choi
Wireless Communication Lab
Introduction
In most scattering environments, antenna
diversity is a widely applied technique for
reducing the effect of multipath fading.
The classical approach is to use multiple
antennas at the receiver and perform
combining or selection and switching in
order to improve the quality of the received
signal and obtain receive diversity.
The major problem with using the receive
diversity approach is the cost, size, and
power of the remote units.
Wireless Communication Lab
Introduction
A base station often serves hundreds to
thousands of remote units. It is therefore
more economical to add equipment to
base stations rather than the remote units.
This paper focus on comparing an unit having
multiple transmit antenna with an unit having
multiple receive antenna.
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Classical MMRC(Maximal-Ratio Receive
Combining) Scheme
Using 1 transmit antenna and 2 receive antenna
This scheme obtain receive diversity.
Received signal
Combined signal
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Maximum likelihood decision
Using Euclidean distance
Calculate between signals x and y.
If this value is small, x is located near by y.


s
i
s
k
~
s
0
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Maximum likelihood at MRRC (1Tx, 2Rx)




For PSK signals
k i s h s d s h s d s h s d s h s d
k k i i
= + s + ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
1
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
k i s s d s s d
k i
= s ) , ( ) , (
~
0
2
~
0
2
k k k
i i i
s s s s s h h
s s s s s h h
*
0
~
*
~
0
2 2
1
2
0
*
0
~
*
~
0
2 2
1
2
0
| | ) | | | (|
| | ) | | | (|
+
s +
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Two-branch transmit diversity with one
receiver
Using 2 transmit antenna and 1 receive antenna.
At a given symbol period, two signals are simulta-
neously transmitted.
Transmitted signal is encoded to STBC.



Assuming that fading is constant across two
consecutive symbols.
Antenna0 Antenna1
Time (t) s
0
s
1
Time (t+T) -s
1
*
s
0
*
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Combined signal
Received signal
Channel value
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Maximum likelihood at New scheme (2Tx,1 Rx)





For PSK signals

k i s h s d s h s d s h s d s h s d
k k i i
= + s + ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
1
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
k i s h s d s h s d s h s d s h s d
k k i i
= + s + ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1
~
1
2
0
~
1
2
1
~
1
2
0
~
1
2
k k k i i i
s s s s s h h s s s s s h h
*
0
~
*
~
0
2 2
1
2
0
*
0
~
*
~
0
2 2
1
2
0
| | ) | | | (| | | ) | | | (| + s +
k k k i i i
s s s s s h h s s s s s h h
*
1
~
*
~
1
2 2
1
2
0
*
1
~
*
~
1
2 2
1
2
0
| | ) | | | (| | | ) | | | (| + s +
k i s s d s s d
k i
= s ) , ( ) , (
~
0
2
~
0
2
k i s s d s s d
k i
= s ) , ( ) , (
~
1
2
~
1
2
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Two-branch Transmit diversity with M
receivers
Using 2 transmit antenna and 2 receive antenna.
This scheme also use STBC.



This scheme obtain both transmit diversity and
receive diversity


Antenna0 Antenna1
Time (t) s
0
s
1
Time (t+T) -s
1
*
s
0
*
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
rx
0
rx
1
Time(t) r
0
r
2
Time(t+T) r
1
r
3
Received signal
Combined signal
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Maximum likelihood at New scheme (2Tx,2 Rx)





For PSK signals


k i
s h s d s h s d
s h s d s h s d
s h s d s h s d
s h s d s h s d
k k
k k
i i
i i
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
s
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
3
~
0
2
2
~
0
2
1
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
3
~
0
2
2
~
0
2
1
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
) , ( | | ) 1 | | | | | | | (|
) , ( | | ) 1 | | | | | | | (|
~
0
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
k k
i i
s s d s h h h h
s s d s h h h h
+ + + + s
+ + + +
k i s s d s s d
k i
= s ) , ( ) , (
~
0
2
~
0
2
Wireless Communication Lab
System model
Diversity order
MRRC(1Tx, 2Rx)


New Scheme(2Tx,1Rx)



MRRC(1Tx, 4Rx)=New Scheme(2Tx, 2Rx)


Wireless Communication Lab
Performance
It is assumed that the total transmit power
from the two antennas for the new scheme is
the same as the transmit power from the
single transmit antenna for MRRC.
It is also assumed that the amplitudes of
fading from each transmit antenna to each
receive antenna are mutually uncorrelated
Rayleigh distribute and that the average signal
powers at each receive antenna from each
transmit antenna are the same.
We assume that the receiver has perfect
knowledge of the channel.
Wireless Communication Lab
Performance








Wireless Communication Lab
Conclusion
Comparing New scheme with MMRC having same
diversity order, the 3-dB penalty is incurred because
the simulations assume that each transmit antenna
radiates half the energy in order to ensure the same
total radiated power as with one transmit antenna.
If each transmit antenna in the new scheme was to
radiate the same energy as the single transmit
antenna for MRRC, however, the performance would be
identical.
The important conclusion is that the new scheme
provides similar performance to MRRC, regardless of the
employed coding and modulation schemes.