BIOLOGY FORM 4

CHAPTER 5
CELL
DIVISION

CELL DIVISION
Concept map
Consst o!
Occ"# n
Lea$ to
CELL DIVISION
Mitosis Meiosis
Controlled mitosisUncontrolled mitosis
meiosis I meiosis II
Testis, ovary and anther
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Cloning
(asexual r eproduction,
regener ation, healing)
Advantages and
disadvantages of cloning
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Comp#ses o!
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Lea$ to
cons$e#n*
S"+$)$es nto
Ca"se +,
MITOSIS - MEIOSIS
.
Objectives
.
Students should be able to:
.
I$ent!, an$ $esc#+e t/e sta*es o! t/e ce&& c,c&e
.
I$ent!,0 "sn* p#epa#e$ s&$es0 t/e p/ases o! p&ant an$
anma& mtoss1
.
Desc#+e t/e p/ases o! mtoss
.
Desc#+e t/e e)ents o! 2a#,o2ness an$ c,to2ness
.
I$ent!, an$ $esc#+e t/e p/ases o! meoss
.
Compa#e an$ cont#ast mtoss 3t/ meoss
.
Desc#+e spe#mato*eness an$ oo*eness
Mitosis
.
Mtoss s a $)son o! t/e n"c&e"s to p#o$"ce
t3o ne3 $a"*/te# ce&&s contann*
c/#omosomes $entca& to t/e pa#ent ce&&1
Significance of mitosis
.
G#o3t/' a&&o3s a 4,*ote to p#o$"ce mo#e ce&&
n o#$e# to *#o3
.
Repa# an$ #ep&acement' a&&o3 t/e m"&tce&&"&a#
o#*ansm mantan ts tss"es0 e%amp&e s2n
ce&&s an$ +&oo$
.
Ase%"a& #ep#o$"cton' c&one
Phases in the cell ccle
.
T/e ce&& c,c&e $)$e$ nto t3o ma(o# p/ases
a1 Inte#p/ase
+1 Mtoss
.
Inte#p/ase s t/e pe#o$ +et3een $)son0
$)$e$ nto 5 s"+ p/ases 6G70 S an$ G89
a1 G7' ce&&s *#o3 #ap$&, an$ ne3 o#*ane&&e a#e
s,nt/ess
+1 S' s,nt/ess o! DNA an$ c/#omosomes a#e
#ep&cate$
c1 G8' ce&&s p#epa#es !o# mtoss0 s,nt/ess
p#oten an$ mtotc spn$&e +e*n to !o#m
.
Mtoss s a contn"o"s p#ocess an$ $)$e$
nto 4 man p/ases +ase$ on t/e appea#ance
an$ +e/a)o# o! t/e c/#omosomes1
71 P#op/ase
81 Metap/ase
51 Anap/ase
41 Te&op/ase
Mitosis
P!o"hase
Ea!l "!o"hase
.
C/omat$s con$ense an$ +ecome )s+&e n a
&*/t mc#oscope
.
N"c&eo&"s $sappea#s
.
Pa#e$ cent#o&es mo)e to opposte en$s o! t/e
ce&&
Late "!o"hase
.
N"c&ea# mem+#ane $sappea#s
.
Spn$&e !o#m
Meta"hase
.
Spn$&e !+#es a#e !"&&, !o#m
.
Sste# c#omat$s &ne "p at t/e spn$&e
e:"ato#
.
At t/e en$ o! metap/ase0 t/e cent#ome#s
$)$e
#na"hase
.
Anap/ase +e*n 3t/ t/e sepa#aton o! t/e
cent#ome#s
.
T/e sste# c#omat$s a#e $#a3n to opposte
po&es o! t/e ce&& +, cont#acton o! spn$&e
!+#es
Telophase
Telophase begin when the two sets of
daughter chromosomes have reached the two
poles of the cell.
The spindle fibres disintegrate, the nuclear
membrane forms around each set of
daughter chromosomes and the nucleoli
reappear
The chromosomes uncoil and become less
visible under the light microscope
In plant cells, the stages of mitosis are
same. Only cytokinesis in plant cells is
markedly different.
A cleavage furrow does not form. Instead,
membrane-enclosed vesicle gather at a plant
cells e!uator between the two nuclei.
"esicle fuse to form a cell plate
Cytokinesis
#ytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic
division to form two daughter cells.
#ytokinesis usually begins before nuclear
division is completed.
#ytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells are
different.
Animal cells, the cytoplasm contracts to pull
the plasma membrane inwards, forming
groove called a cleavage furrow
Meiosis

In a diploid cell, chromosomes occur as pairs

(homologous chromosomes).

Meiosis is a process to convert a diploid cell to a haploid

gamete and cause a change in the genetic information
to increase diversity in the offspring

Meiosis involves two successive nuclear division that

produce four haploid cells. The first division (meiosis I) is
the reduction division; the second division (meiosis II)
separates the chromatids.
The effects of uncontrolled mitosis in
living things
Mutation is the change in the D! structure of the
cell.
This change in the D! corrupts the coded genetic
instructions for mitosis control.
This leads to uncontrolled mitosis, which is the non"
stop division of cells, producing a mass of new
daughter cells, called tumour.
Causes of cancer
1. Genetic- some forms of cancer like
prostate, colon, breast, skin, ovary are
suspected to be inherited from the
parents
2. Carcinogens- these are chemicals which
affect genetic activity and cause cancer,
e.g. of carcinogen a diesel exhaust,
cigarette smoke, hair dyes, soot, arsenic,
benene and formaldehyde.
!. "adiation- excess exposure to x-ray,
gamma-rays and ultra violet rays lead to
increase cancer risk.
#. $ge- some cancers are found primarily in
young people %e.g. leukemia&, while some
cancers %e.g. colon cancers& are found
mostly in older adults.
'. (iruses- some viruses %such as the )*
and +,(-1& cause cancer.

C&onn*
71 C&onn* s t/e p#ocess o! t/e ma2n* C&ones
a#e *enetca&&, $entca& ce&&s p#o$"ce$ !#om a
sn*&e pa#ent ce&& +, mtotc $)son0 o#
t/#o"*/ ase%"a& #ep#o$"cton1
81 *enetca&&, $entca& copes o! an o#*na& p&ant
o# anma&1
51 ;e s/a&& st"$, t/e app&caton o! 2no3&e$*e
on mtoss t/e c&onn* o!
a9 Mc#o+es
+9 P&ants
c9 anma&s
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Clone microbes using cells culture and fermenters,
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Cell culture
a& .ou can easily clone microbes %bacteria and some
fungi& in you science laboratory through natural
asexual reproduction.
b& /irst, grow a sample of microbial cells on a solid
nutrient medium in an agar plate.
c& 0hen identify, isolate and select strain from the agar
plate and grow it in li1uid medium in a culture flask.
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/ermenters
a& /ermenters are vessels use in biotechnology to grow
microbes on a large scale.
b& 2icrobes, like yeast are mixed with a culture medium
and left in a fermenters to grow by mitosis.
c& 0he fermenters is constantly stirred, and aerated.
d& 0he environmental conditions % such as p+, oxygen,
pressured and temperature& are constantly monitored
using proves ti ensure the maximum growth of the
microbes.
C&onn* o! mc#o+es
#. $lants can %e cloned using tissue culture.
&. Tissue culture is the process of growing cells artificially
in the la%oratory, it is a modern and efficient way of
cloning plants.
'. Tissue culture produces genetically identical clones.
C&onn* n p&ants'tss"e c"&t"#e
The main principals of tissue culture:
a) A pi eces of ti ssue, cal led expl ants, i ts taken
from a parents pl ant (e.g. carrot root or
stem ti ssue,)
b) The pieces of tissues are steril ised with
di lute sodi um hypochl orite sol ution to
prevent the growth of pathogens (such as
bacteri a and fungus).
c) ach steri le tissue piece is pl aced on to a
growth medi um (gel containi ng nutrients
and growth regul ators).
d) The tissues cell s di vi ded by mitosis to
produce a mass of loosely arranged
undi fferentiated cell s call ed call us.
e) Call us is sti mul ated wi th shoot!stimulati ng
hor mone to form multiple shoots.
f) The shoots are separated and each is
pl aced in nutri ent medium wi th root!
sti mulati ng hormone to encourage rooti ng
g) "nce the roots grow, the plantlets (l ittl e
pl ants) are planted i n steril e compost to
grow.
C&onn* o! anma&s
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0here are two types of animal cloning
according to purpose3
1. "eproductive cloning
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4roducing an entire animal that is genetically
identical to the parent animal
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0he entire animal is produced from a single
cell by asexual reproduction through mitosis.
2. 0herapeutic cloning
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,s a branch of medicine concerned with the
treatment of diseases.
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4arts of a person skin, heart, liver or even 5ust
a few cells are duplicated to produce a clone.
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0he clone tissue is used to replace a damaged
or diseases tissue without the risk of tissue
re5ection.