Homework

Read Marine Navigation pgs. 42-56

Become familiar with Marine
Navigation Appendix G Chart No.
1
Workbook, Cpt. 4
Section 2: 1-5, 13
Section 3: 1,2
Section 4: 1A, 1B, 2-5, 8
Plotting exercise bring Nav tools
and Marine Navigation
Lesson 2: Chart Projections and
Numbering

Learning Objectives
State and discuss properties of the most
commonly used chart projections
Comprehend the chart numbering system
Comprehend the chart/publication
correction system
Chart Projections
Rely on flat representation of global area of
interest
globe of world not practical
Problem of distortion
earth spherical in shape nondevelopable
surface cannot be represented on flat
piece of paper without some distortion
Key = smaller the proportion to be mapped,
lesser the distortion
How to get around problem of
distortion?
Project surface features of terrestrial sphere
onto other surfaces that are readily unrolled
to form a plane
cone
cylinder
Limited portion of earths surface can be
projected directly onto plane while keeping
distortion within acceptable limits
Desirable properties of a chart
projection
True shape of physical features
Correct angular relationships
Representation of areas in correct
proportions relative to one another
True scale (accurate distance)
Rhumb lines as straight lines
lines on the surface of the earth that cross all
meridians at the same angle
Great circles represented as straight lines
What projection to use?
Impossible to preserve all properties in a
single projection
Several hundred projections but only half
dozen used for nautical charts
Two of general use
Mercator Projection
Gnomonic Projection
Mercator Projection
Most widely used projection in marine navigation
ADVANTAGES:
position, distance, and direction easily
determined
angles represented correctly
true shapes of features maintained for small
areas
rhumb lines plot as straight lines
DISADVANTAGES
distortion of true size of surface features
increases with distance from the equator
Most projections cut off at 80 degrees
great circles appear as curved lines
Mercator Projection
Cylindrical projection
cylinder rolled around earth, tangent at equator,
parallel to earths axis
meridians - appear as straight vertical lines
when projected outward onto cylinder
greater distance from equator = greater the
distortion
latitude scale must be expanded mathmatically
to maintain true shape








Mercator Projection
Cylinder rolled around earth, tangent at equator and
parallel to earths axis
Gnomonic Projection
Geometrical projection in which surface
features and reference lines of sphere are
projected outward from earths center onto
a tangent plane
Three types
equatorial gnomonic
tangent at equator
polar gnomonic
tangent at either pole

Gnomonic Projection
Oblique gnomonic
tangent at any other latitiude
Gnomonic Projection
ADVANTAGES
Great circles appear as straight lines
Mainly used to plot optimum great circle
route (shortest path) between two points
Points picked off gnomonic chart and plotted
on mercator chart
Distortion tolerable within 1,000 miles of the
point of tangency
Disadvantages
Rhumb lines appear as curved lines
Cannot measure distance and direction directly
True shapes are not represented






Gnomonic Projection
Chart Interpretation
In order to use chart, Navigator must be
able to interpret scale and symbols
Scale - ratio between actual dimensions
of an area that chart depicts and size of
area as it appears on chart
1:80,000
Actual feature is 80,000 times larger than
its representation on the chart
The larger the figure indicating the
proportion of the scale, the smaller the
scale of chart
Chart Interpretation
Large Scale = small area represented
1: 25,000
Small Scale = large area represented
1: 4,500,000
Example: San Diego charts
Steps when obtaining chart
Examine in detail!
Explanatory/cautionary notes read and
understood
Scale of chart, date of survey, and date of
issue checked
Understand chart symbols and abbreviations
publication Chart No. 1
App. G in Hobbs
What is so great about chart
symbols and abbreviations?
Insert large amount of information into
a small space
Standardize symbols
Production of Nautical Charts
Two government agencies are mainly
responsible for producing nautical charts
Defense Mapping Agency
Hydrographic/Topographic Center
DMAHTC
National Ocean Service
NOS
Defense Mapping Agency
Production and upkeep of charts and related
navigational publications covering all ocean
areas of the world outside U.S. territorial
waters
DMA incorporated into National Imagery
and Mapping Agency (NIMA) in 1996
National Ocean Service
Concerned with production and upkeep of
charts and related navigational publications
covering inland and coastal waters of U.S.

Chart Numbering System
1974 - all chart numbering converted to a
system by which mid-ocean charts, coastal
approach charts, and harbor charts were
differentiated by digits in their designations
U.S. Chart Numbering
All nautical charts produced by DMAHTC
and NOS are assigned a number from one to
five digits according to the scale and
geographic region they depict
15
No. of digits No. of digits Scale Scale
1 None 1 None
2 1:9,000,0001 2 1:9,000,0001
and smaller and smaller
3 1:2,000,0001 3 1:2,000,0001
to to
1:1,9000,000 1:1,9000,000
44 Misc Misc and Spec and Spec
ial ial charts charts
5 1:2,000,000 5 1:2,000,000
and larger and larger
Single Digits
Not nautical charts but various supporting
publications that do not have a scale
Chart #1 - nautical chart symbols
nautical chart symbols for other nations
national flags/symbols
International flags/meanings
Two or Three Digits
Small scale charts depicting large ocean
basins and subdivisions
all ocean basins are included in one of
nine basin areas
Hobbs pg.45
First digit = basin which area is
represented
Example: Chart 17
First digit (1) represents North
Atlantic Ocean

Two or Three Digits
3 Exceptions
BASIN 3 - MED
BASIN 4 - CARIBBEAN
BASIN 7 IO
No useful two digit charts to represent
small area
Two digit numbers 30-49 and 70-79
available for other purposes
Example: Chart 76 standard time
zone

Four Digits
So-called non-navigational plotting charts
over 4,000 special purpose charts
large wall charts
Five Digits
Suitable scale for depicting coastal regions
with the great detail necessary for piloting
Large scale charts depicting small areas
All coastal areas of world divided into nine
coastal regions (differing from ocean basins)
Hobbs, pg. 46
Nine coastal regions further divided into 52
subregions
First two digits = coastal region and subregion
Last three digits = place chart in geographic
sequence in subregion
Five Digit Example
Approach to San Diego Chart #18765
COASTAL REGION
SUB REGION
GEOGRAPHICAL SEQUENCE
Six Digits
Combat charts
printed in special grid patterns for offshore
bombardment
COMBAT followed by six digit number
Chart inventory
What charts do you carry onboard?
All charts for regions you anticipate operating
in
Portfolios -
55 total
20-30 for Destroyer/Large Deck
even less for Merchant Ship
Electronic Charts
Recent developments
NAVSSI (Navigation Sensor System
Interface)
displays ships position and other ship traffic,
weather, additional navigation information,
etc...
Chart Correction System
Navigation information periodically
changes
not practical to constantly reprint sets of charts
need to keep mariners apprised of changes in
hydrographic conditions which will affect
accuracy of charts/publications
Notice to Mariners/Local Notice
to Mariners
Periodic corrections to DMAHTC and NOS
charts/publications are disseminated
Bulletins in pamphlet form distributed weekly
by mail containing all corrections, additions,
deletions to DMAHTC and NOS charts/pubs
if underway, receive via Automated Notice to
Mariner System (ANTMS)
message for all the latest and greatest for NTM and
Summary of Corrections
Notice to Mariners
Published by NIMA weekly
Contains all changes relating to oceanic and
coastal areas worldwide
Made up of three sections
Charts
Publications
Broadcast Warnings/Misc..
Hobbs pg. 50
Local Notice to Mariners
Issued by each of the twelve U.S. Coast
Guard Districts
published weekly
Contains changes pertaining to U.S. Inland
waters within each district
Reporting Chart/Pub Corrections
Mariners everywhere urged to
report/recommend corrections whenever
observe changes
Specific form to fill out
Located inside back cover of each Notice to
Mariners
Hobbs pg. 50
Important symbols
* - based on original U.S. information
T - temporary correction
P - Preliminary correction
Navigation Department not required to
make every change on every chart
Enter correction data on Chart/Publication
Correction Cards
A card is kept on file for every chart
Hobbs, pg.51
Changes entered on frequently used charts
or those which cover areas where the ship is
scheduled to operate
Summary of Corrections
Issued semiannually by DMAHTC
Set of five correction volumes to ensure that
all ships receive and record all chart
corrections
each volume is cumulative and contains
corrections from previous volumes as well as
pertinent info from the last 6 months of Notice
to Mariners
Radio Broadcast Warnings
Used to quickly promulgate important
changes affecting the safety of navigation
that cannot wait for the weekly printout
changes will be reflected in next Notice to
Mariners
Broadcast Notice to Mariners
Transmitted as required by various Coast
Guard, Navy and commercial radio stations
Navigational Warnings
Worldwide Navigational Warning System
run by participating nations and applies to mid-
ocean areas
ocean divided into 16 NAVAREAS with each
nation assuming responsibility for certain areas
HYDROLANTS/HYDROPACS
provide coverage that is somewhat redundant to
the NAVAREA system
Plotting Review
Plot ships position by latitude and
longitude
Plot ships intended course (TR) and
distance traveled between two points
Compass rose 360 degree directional
scale referred to true north by means of
the meridian
Use outer circle to read off true course
heading
Use inner circle to read off magnetic
course heading
TR 085 T
D 200NM
Assignment
Read Marine Navigation Chapter 5
No workbook questions!!
Bring plotting tools and Marine Navigation
book for Thursdays class!!