physical and chemical events that provide for the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical work. Muscular Contraction major physiologic event that occurs during exercise which requires energy (ATP). Two Types of Muscular Contraction Isometric Contraction is a static contraction in which the muscle does not shorten. Isotonic contraction is a contraction in which the force of contraction remains constant throughout the shortening. a) Concentric contraction occurs when shortening a muscle while exerting a force. b) Eccentric contraction occurs when lengthening a muscle while resisting an external load. Muscles in Exercise STRENGTH determined mainly by size. maximal contractile force (3 to 4 kg/cm 2
of muscle cross-sectional area). 200 cm 2 - 600 800 kilograms (contractile strength) 200 cm 2 - 840 1120 kilograms (holding strength) POWER is a measure of the total amount of work that the muscle performs in a unit period of time. determined by a) strength of contraction b) distance of contraction c) number of times it contracts each minute
First 8 to 10 seconds 7000 kg.m/min Next 1 minute 4000 kg.m/min Next 30 minutes 700 kg.m/min ENDURANCE final measure of muscle performance. depends on the nutritive support for the muscle (glycogen). High-carbohydrate diet 240 minutes Mixed diet 120 minutes High-fat diet 85 minutes
Amount of glycogen stored in a muscle High-carbohydrate diet 40 g/kg muscle Mixed diet 20 g/kg muscle High-fat diet 6 g/kg muscle Male versus Female athlete almost identical basic physiologic principles are applied for both. there are quantitative differences caused by: a) body size b) body composition (muscle mass) - pulmonary ventilation - cardiac output - muscle strength c) amount of testosterone d) amount of estrogen
muscle strength per cm 2 = 3 to 4 kg/cm 2
(same) TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN ANABOLIC EFFECT ANABOLIC EFFECT PROTEIN DEPOSITION FAT DEPOSITION MUSCLE MASS BODY FAT CONTENT MUSCLE STRENGTH AGGRESIVENESS MUSCLE STRENGTH MILD TEMPERAMENT Demands Cellular and organ-system adjustments Metabolic Metabolic Thermal Respiratory Fluid Cardiovascular Endocrine Metabolic Changes Phosphagen System
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System
Oxidative System Phosphagen System (8-10 sec) Stored ATP (3 sec) ATP = adenosine ~ PO 4 - ~ PO 4 - ~ PO 4 -
ATP ADP + Pi ADP AMP + Pi 7300 calories 7300 calories Phosphocreatinine or Creatinephosphate (5-7 sec)
Creatine ~ PO 4 -
PCr + ADP ATP + Cr 10,300 calories Glycogen-Lactic Acid System (1.3 to 1.6 minutes) GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE ATP + PYRUVIC ACID ATP + LACTIC ACID KREB CYCLE ATP O 2
FATIGUE Aerobic System (Unlimited--nutrient) CARBOHYDRATES (glucose) PROTEINS (amino acid) FATS (fatty acid) OXYGEN ATP + CO 2 + H 2 O Maximal rates of power generation (moles of ATP/min) Phosphagen system 4 moles of ATP/min
Glycogen-Lactic acid system 2.5 moles of ATP/min
Aerobic system 1 mole of ATP/min Comparison for endurance Phosphagen system 8 10 seconds
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System 1.3 1.6 minutes
Aerobic System Unlimited (as long as nutrient lasts) Energy Systems Used in Various Sports Phosphagen System (almost entirely)
100-meter dash Jumping Weight lifting Diving Football dashes Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid System
200-meter dash Basket ball Baseball home run Ice hockey dashes Glycogen-Lactic Acid System (mainly)
400-meter dash 100-meter swim Tennis Soccer
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System and Aerobic System
800-meter dash 2000-meter rowing 200-meter swim 1500-meterrun 1500-meter skating 1-mile run Boxing 400-meter swim Aerobic System
10,000-meter skating Cross-country skiing Marathon run (26.2 miles, 42.2 km) Jogging
Recovery of Muscle Metabolic System After Exercise Phosphocreatinine Stored ATP Glycogen-Lactic Acid System Phosphocreatine Stored ATP Aerobic System Glycogen-lactic acid system Phosphocreatine Stored ATP Removal of lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid reconverted to glucose in the liver 0
25
50
75
100
100
75
50
25
0 0 10 20 40 2 4 1 2 3 4 High carbohydrate diet Mixed diet High-fat diet seconds minutes hours Duration of exercise P e r c e n t
f a t
u s a g e
P e r c e n t
c a r b o h y d r a t e
u s a g e
STORED OXYGEN (2 L) 0.5 L - air in the lungs 0.25 L - dissolved in the body fluids 1 L - combined with hemoglobin 0.3 L - combined with myoglobin
Oxygen Debt (11.5 L) a) 2 liters (stored O 2 ) b) 9 liters (metabolic recovery) Two Types of Muscle Fiber Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber
Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber Slow Twitch Fast Twitch Synonyms Type I / Oxidative Type II / Glycolytic Red Muscle White Muscle Velocity of Shortening Slow / low Fast / high Diameter Small Large Source of energy Oxidative system Phosphagen/Glycolytic System Myoglobin Abundant Few Mitochondria Abundant Few Capillary density greater Few Resistance to fatigue Resistant Prone Function Provide endurance delivers power surge for few seconds to a minute Hereditary differences among athletes for fast-twitch versus slow-twitch muscle fibers
Slow Twitch Fast Twitch
Marathoners 82 18
Swimmers 74 26
Average male 45 55
Weight Lifters 45 55
Sprinters 37 63
Jumpers 37 63 0 2 4 6 8 10 30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Resistive training No load training Weeks of training P e r c e n t
i n c r e a s e
i n
s t r e n g t h
Respiratory Changes Increased O 2 consumption Normal O 2 consumption (at rest) = 250 ml/min During exercise
Untrained average male 3600 ml/min Trained average male (athlete) 4000 ml/min Male marathon runner 5100 ml/min 0 1 2 3 4 5 120
100
80
60
40
20
0 O 2 Consumption (L/min) T o t a l
V e n t i l a t i o n
( L / m i n )
Moderate exercise Severe exercise Increased Pulmonary Ventilation At maximal exercise 100 110 L/min Maximal breathing capacity 150 170 L/min
Provides an element of safety for athletes Exercise at high altitude Exercise under very hot environment Abnormalities in the respiratory system Increased in VO 2 Max rate of O 2 usage under maximal aerobic metabolism. Increased Oxygen Diffusing Capacity rate at whichO 2 can diffuse from the pulmonary alveoli to the blood (ml/min/mmHg). Cardiovascular Changes Increased muscular blood flow resting blood flow 3.6 ml/100g/min (2-4) during maximal exercise 90.0 ml/100g/min initially neurally mediated response
Causes of increased blood flow Vasodilation (decreases vascular resistance) impulses in the sympathetic vasodilator system. decrease in tonic vasoconstrictive discharge local mechanism decrease PO 2 (hypoxia) increase PCO 2 (hypercapnea) accumulation of K +
> 10% of maximal tension - compresses blood vessels - decreases blood flow > 70% of maximal tension - blood flow completely stopped Blood flow occurs in between contractions CO X TPR SV X HR F = P / R EDV - ESV Increased in stroke volume decreased in ESV increased sympathetic discharge increased cardiac contractility cardiac muscular hypertrophy Increased heart rate Increased sympathetic discharge Increased catecholamines Increased body heat Decreased total peripheral resistance Vasodilatation (muscles) Increased in heart rate Increased in stroke volume Increased in cardiac output Decreased total peripheral resistance Increased arterial blood pressure Increased in blood flow CO X TPR SV X HR F = P / R EDV - ESV Endocrine Changes Increased secretion of; Aldosterone Cortisol Catecholamines Thermal Changes Increased body heat
BLOOD FLOW TO THE SKIN FROM THE DEEP TISSUES PROVIDES HEAT TRANSFER Rate of blood flow (0 30% of CO