Chapter 2

CELL STRUCTURE
AND
CELL ORGANISATION


2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
ii ) component of a cell
At the end of the lesson,
student should be able to:
Define the term of organelles
Identify the component of
organelles in an animal cell and
plant cell
state the functions of the cellular
components in an animal cell
state the functions of the cellular
components in a plant cell
COMPONENTS OF A CELL
Cellular component of a cell as seen via electron
microscope are:-
a) Plasma membrane and cell wall
b) Cytoplasm
c) Organelles
cell surrounded by plasma membrane contain
cytoplasm ~~ jelly like substance
Plant cell ~~ addition of cell wall
Cytoplasm contain many ORGANELLES
Specialised structure which
surrounded by its own membrane and
perform specific function
Organelles in animal ~~ 1)nucleus, 2)rough and
3)smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
4)mitochondria, 5)Golgi apparatus,
6)lysosomes,7) ribosome,8) centrioles and
9)vacuoles

Plant cell have chloroplast in addition but did not
have centrioles

Function of cellular
component
STRUCTURE
Organelles Non-organelles
Mitochondri
a
Lysosome
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Centrioles
Vacuoles
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
ER
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
ORGANELLES
NUCLEUS
STRUCTURE
Spherical with double
membrane contain
nucleolus, chromosome
and nuclear membrane

FUNCTION
Control and regulate all
activities on cell
Contain hereditary factor
(gene)~responsible for
trait
RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE
Small particle consist of
RNA
Exist freely in
cytoplasm or on the
surface of rough ER

FUNCTION
Synthesis of protein
Rough and smooth ER
STRUCTURE
System of membrane enclosed
tubules closely packed together and
continuous with nuclear membrane
Rough ER has ribosome while
smooth ER did not have

FUNCTION
Transport system for protein and
lipid within the cell
Rough ER transport protein
synthesis by ribosome to other part
of the cell
Smooth ER stimulate the synthesis
of lipid and cholesterol and
transport within cell
MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE
Rod-shape with a double
membrane
Outer membrane is
smooth and regular while
inner membrane is folded
to form cristae

FUNCTION
Known as the power-
house of the cell
Releases energy as it the
site for aerobic respiration
GOLGI APPARATUS
STRUCTURE
Vacuolar region surrounded
by a complex meshwork of
vesicles budding off at its
end

FUNCTION
Receive protein and lipid from
ER and modify them to form
secretion ~enzyme /hormone
Pack the secretion formed
into vesicle and transport to
plasma membrane
Control secretory activity
Form lysosome

LYSOSOMES
STRUCTURE
Membrane bound
vesicle found in animal

FUNCTION
Contain enzyme which
control breakdown of
protein and lipid
Contain enzyme that
digest aged or defective
cell component
26
th
January 2010
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Disc-shape organelles with
double membrane
Consist arrangement of
grana within stroma
Each granum contain
chlorophyll

FUNCTION
Carry out photosynthesis


CHLOROPLAST
CENTRIOLES
STRUCTURE
Consist of two cylindrical
body structure arranged at
right angles to one another
Only in animal cell

FUNCTION
Formation of spindle
fiber during cell division
VACUOLE
STRUCTURE
Cavities filled with cell
sap surrounded by a
semi-permeable
membrane called
tonoplast

FUNCTION
Contain water, sugar
and dissolve materials
Maintain turgidity of
cell in plant
NON-ORGANELLES
PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
Thin, semi-
permeable
membrane

FUNCTION
Control the
movement of
substance in and
out of the cell
CELL WALL
STRUCTURE
Thick layer outside
the plasma
membrane
Made up of cellulose
and fully permeable

FUNCTION
Maintain the shape
of plant cell
Provide support
CYTOPLASM
STRUCTURE
Jelly-like substance
contain water and
mineral salt
Contain
organelles

FUNCTION
Medium for
metabolic reaction

Cytoplas
m
Lets review
Can you recognize the organelles involve in this picture?
Complete the table below
STRUCTURE
Organelles Non-organelles
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Functon :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
Homework
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
Lets make a revision
List all the organelles found in the animal
and plant cell

Lets watch this video and make a
video summarization
Homework
LETS DO AN ACTIVITY
Divide yourself into 6 group

Each group will be prepared by modeling clay
and manila card.

Each groups representative will vote for cell

In 15 minutes, by using your creativity, build a
model based on the cell and their organelles

Need to label each structure and state their
function
Comparison Between The
Structure Of An Animal Cell And
Plant Cell
SIMILARITIES
Both have membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria,
Golgi apparatus and ER
DIFFERENCES
ANIMAL CELL Criteria PLANT CELL
smaller Size larger
No fixed shape Shape Have fixed shape
No regular pattern Pattern Arrange in regular
pattern
Do not have vacuole Vacuole Large central vacuole
absent chloroplast Present and contain
chlorophyll
Do not have cell wall Cell wall Has cellulose cell wall
Glycogen granules Granules Starch granules
Relationship between the density
of organelles and the function of
cell
No. of specific organelles depend on ~~type of cell
and its function

Active cell ~~ mitochondria to provide energy
Eg : SPERM CELL ~need to swim toward ovum
: FLIGHT MUSCLE CELL ~to move their wing
during flight
: CELL IN MERISTEMS (plant shoot and root)
~active cell division to produce new cell

chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
~MESOPHYLL CELL
~GUARD CELL

2.2
CELL ORGANIZATION

Chapter 2 : Cell structure and cell organization
We, as multicellular organism can
feed, respire, excrete, move, respond
to stimuli, reproduce and grow.

Unicellular organism is organism
with just one single cell. So how
come this organism perform all the
living process????
By the end of the lesson, student
should be able to :-
Understand living process in
unicellular organism

the movement in unicellular
organism
the reproduction in unicellular organism
the feeding in unicellular organism
the exchange of materials in unicellular
organism

CELL ORGANIZATION
ORGANISMS
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

Single cell organism
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

larger organism with
more than one cell

UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
Simple organism
consist of one cell
each

Each cell or
organism is
complete unit of
life ~able to carry
out all living
processes

Eg: ____________
Living processes of unicellular
organism
~~~ Amoeba sp
free living in fresh water
Enclose in plasma membrane
constantly change shape depend on
stimuli
Also called protozoa

Lets do an activity
Divide yourself into 4 group

Each groups representative will draw
lots for the topic and take manila card
and marker pen

Within 15 minutes, in group, discuss the
topic and draw the processes occur

After that, each group will
present their work

Movement of Amoeba sp.
Move by extending temporary
pseusopodia or false foot that anchor
the ground

The rest of cytoplasm flow slowly into
this extension, hence move the org. along
Reproduction of Amoeba
sp.
Once grown to certain size, the nucleus
divided to form 2 daughter cell

Cytoplasm divided and 2 daughter cell form
~~ binary fission by asexually

When envi. not conducive, divided by spore
formation
Feeding of Amoeba sp.
Engulf food via phagocytosis

Holozoic org. feed on microb

It move around food particle, and take it
into cytoplasm ~~food vacuole

Hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) are added
and nutrient absorb into cytoplasm

Material exchange of Amoeba
sp.
Exchange of gases,
nutrient and waste occur
via plasma membrane
~~diffusion

Water diffuse into cell
~osmosis and fill
contractile vacuole

When fill to max, it
contract to expel its
content
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Organism - more than one cell
Larger org. ~Need many different type of cell
to carry out life process
Achieve via cell specialization and cell
organisation


2.2 CELL ORGANISATION
Chapter 2 : Cell structure and cell organization
Each type of cell has diff. size, shape and structure
Each cell not capable to perform all life process ~~ CELL
SPECIALISATION to perform different function
Achieve via DIFFERENTIATION ~cell begin CHANGE
shape and structure during grow
Each type of cell perform only one specific function ~ DIVISION
OF LABOUR

Cell organisation in multicellular
organism
CELL
TISSUES
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Lets do it!
Divide yourself into 5 group

Each groups representative
will vote for title


Each group will be
prepared by manila card
and marker pen.

In 20 minutes, make a
mind mapping about our
title and present to the
class

CELL ORGANISATION IN
ANIMAL
TISSUES
EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
MUSCLE TISSUES
CONNECTIVE
TISSUES
NERVE TISSUES
Regulating the internal
environment
At the end of the lesson, student should be
able to :-
State the meaning of internal environment,
external environment and interstitial fluid
Identify factors affecting the internal
environment
Explain the necessity to maintain optimal
internal environment
Describe the involvement of various systems
in maintaining optimal internal environment.
Chapter 2 : Cell structure and cell organization
Lets get familiar with the term
first
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
condition outside org. ~surrounding

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT condition inside
org. , cell of body live within ~(own metabolism)

INTERSTITIAL FLUID space between the cell
& constant bath the cell ~exchange substance
with blood plasma
Maintaining optimal internal
environment
External envi influence ~internal envi
~extracellular fluid
~~need to maintain for cell to function
optimally ~keep internal envi. constant
PHYSICAL FACTOR
Blood P
Osmotic P
T

CHEMICAL FACTOR
Salt
pH value
Sugar content

FACTORS
HOMEOSTASIS
Process regulate P&C factors in
internal envi so that it always constant
If any P&C factor deviate from constant
value( OR ), it trigger homeostasis
mechanism to bring it back to normal
~~~NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
IMPORTANT OF HOMEOSTASIS :-
a) Change in pH or T, effect enzyme
activity
b) Change in osmotic P, gain or loss water
c) Change in glucose level, relate on
energy
Involvement of various system in
maintain optimal internal envi.
Various system interact to regulate and
maintain internal envi.
Eg : (body T) by integumentary sys.,
nervous sys, muscular sys and
endocrine sys

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Normal
body T
Receptor at
skin detect
hypothalamu
s
Blood
vessel
dilate
Normal
body T
Receptor at
skin detect
hypothalamu
s
Blood
vessel
shrink
YOUR HOMEWORK
Please make a negative feedback
mechanism on others factors that
you have learn
THANKS
YOU
For your attention, I would like to say