Vaccination

yunus ariyanto

FKM Univ. Jember
The newborn baby carries antibodies
transmitted from its mother across the
placenta and from early breast-feeding,
protecting it at a very vulnerable stage in life.
The effects of these antibodies wear off after
6 weeks to 6 months so that the baby starts
making its own from natural or artificial
infections that it acquires.
Vaccine can be given, but immunity does not always
result due to poor administration, the vaccine no
longer being potent, or the host not developing an
immune response.
The immune system of the full-term newborn is
capable of producing antibodies and mobilizing cellular
defenses. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio
can be given shortly after birth and killed antigen
vaccines are also effective from the first month of life.
Some live vaccines like measles do not provide
protection if given early because of circulating
maternal antibodies.
Vaccines can be of four different kinds:
Live attenuated organisms give the body an actual
infection, inducing antibody production. This is the
best kind of vaccine as it generates maximal
response from a single dose and as a consequence,
immunity is long-lasting. The danger with live
attenuated vaccines is that the organisms could
revert to the virulent strain. Examples are measles
and oral polio, which are attenuated virus
infections, and BCG, which is an attenuated
bacterium.
Killed organisms are used when it is not possible
to produce a live attenuated strain. Immunity
does not develop so well and the vaccine has to
be repeated to induce the body defence
mechanisms to increase their response. An
example is pertussis (whooping cough).
Active components can be separated from
organisms and vaccines made from these
organisms. Good immunity is produced, but
they are expensive to manufacture. An example
is hepatitis B vaccine, which is a recombinant
DNA or plasma-derived vaccine.
Toxoids are detoxified bacterial exotoxins and
are an important way of producing antibodies to
bacterial toxins. They do not prevent the
infection, but counteract the dangerous effects
of the toxin. Like killed organisms, several doses
have to be given to induce a sufficient antibody
response and booster doses repeated from time
to time to maintain the level. Diphtheria and
tetanus toxoid are two vaccines in this category.
Vaccination target:

= 1
1

0


Vaccine efficacy:

=


100%



KEPUTUSAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK
INDONESIA NOMOR
1059/MENKES/SK/IX/2004 TENTANG
PEDOMAN PENYELENGGARAAN IMUNISASI



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