Chapter 30: Sources of Magnetic fields

Reading assignment: Chapter 30

Homework 30 (due Friday, April 19): QQ1, QQ2, QQ3, QQ4, QQ5, OQ1, OQ2,
OQ4, OQ5, OQ6, OQ8, OQ9, OQ10, 1, 2, 3, 5, 20, 21, 23, 39, 45
Electric currents produce magnetic fields
Field of a straight current-carrying wire, field of a wire loop, field of a solenoid
Force between two parallel conductors/wires.
Tools to calculate/evaluate magnetic fields
Biot-Savart law
Amperes law
Gausss law for magnetism, magnetic flux
Magnetic flux
Magnetism in matter (ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism)
Key concept: Electric currents produce magnetic fields
Observation: Electric currents produce magnetic fields
Right hand rule: Grasp the wire with your right hand so that the thumb points in
the direction of the conventional current (positive); then your fingers will encircle
the wire in the direction of the magnetic field.
Magnetic field of a long, straight wire is
circular around the wire (right hand rule).
Proportional to I and to 1/r
Its strength is given by:
r
I
B =
t

2
0
I current in the wire
r distance from wire

0
permeability of free space

0
= 4t 10
-7
T m/A
Magnetic field due to an infinitely long, straight wire
Magnetic field lines of a long, straight,
current-carrying wire
i-clicker
A battery establishes a steady current around the circuit below. A compass
needle is placed successively at points P, Q, and R to measure the magnetic
field. Rank the strength of the magnetic field from strongest to weakest.
A) P, Q, R.
B) Q, R, P.
C) R, Q, P.
D) P, R, Q.
E) Q, P, R
Magnetic field lines produced from a wire loop
Again, we an use right hand rule to find direction of field
Looks like field of a tiny magnetic moment (bar magnet)
Magnetic field of a solenoid
Strong, nearly homogeneous field inside
Fields from all loops add up
Resembles field of a bar magnet
0
B n I =
Field inside solenoid:
I current in the wire
n = N/L number of coils per length

0
permeability of free space
Magnetic force between two parallel conductors (wires)
Consider two wires carrying currents I
1
and I
2
,
separated by a distance a. Each current produces
a magnetic field that is felt by the other.
For example I
2
feels the field from I
1:

0 1
1
2
I
B
a

t
=
The force (per unit length) on conductor 2 is:
1 2
B I
l
F
=
0 1 2
2
I I F
l a

t
=
Thus, the force on I
2
due to the field of I
1
:
Attractive if currents are in same direction;
repulsive if currents are in opposite
direction.
White board example
Force between two current carrying
wires.
The two wires are 2.0 m long and are 3.0
mm apart and carry a current of 8.0 A.
1) Calculate the force between the wires.
2) Looking at the figure, is the force
attractive of repulsive?
a A) Attractive
B) Repulsive
C) No force
The Biot-Savart Law
(Used to calculate magnetic fields of currents, e.g., a current-carrying wire)
Magnetic fields go around the wire they are perpendicular to the
direction of current
Magnetic fields are perpendicular to the separation between the wire
and the point where you measure it - Sounds like a cross product!
0
2

4
I d
r

t

=
}
s r
B
0
3
4
I d
r

t

=
}
s r
B
7
0
4 10 T m/A t

=
Permeability of free space
Magnetic Field from a Finite Wire
Magnetic field from a finite straight wire:
Let a be the distance from the wire to point P.
Let x be the horizontal separation
r
I
ds
P
a
x -x
1
x
2

u
2

u
1

O
0
2
I
B
a

t
=
( )
0
1 2
sin sin
4
I
B
a

u u
t
=
for long straight wire
o
1
o
2

Amperes Law
Suppose we have a wire coming out of the plane
Lets integrate the magnetic field around a closed path
Theres a new symbol for such an integral
Circle means over a closed loop
The magnetic field is parallel to direction of integration
0
2
I
B
a

t
=
d
}
B s B ds =
}
0
2
2
I
r
r

t
t
=
0
I =
What if we pick a different path?
d
}
B s cos Bds u =
}
I
0
2
I
rd
r

|
t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
0
d I =
}
B s
ds
cos ds rd u | =
ds cosu
r
d|
We have demonstrated this is true no matter what path you take
Wire doesnt even need to be a straight infinite wire
All that matters is that current passes through the closed Ampere loop
Understanding Amperes Law
If multiple currents flow through, add up all currents that are inside the loop
Use right-hand rule to determine if they count as + or
Curl fingers in direction of Ampere loop
If thumb points in direction of current, plus, otherwise minus
The wire can be bent, the loop can be any shape, even non-planar
0
d I =
}
B s
6 A
2 A
1 A
4 A
7 A
i-clicker
There are currents going in and out of the screen as
sketched at right. What is the integral of the magnetic
field around the path sketched in purple?
A)
0
(4 A) B)
0
(-4 A) C)
0
(12 A)

D)
0
(-12 A) E) None of the above
Right hand rule causes thumb to point down
Downward currents count as +, upwards as
( )
0
4 A 2 A 6 A d =
}
B s
Using Amperes Law
Amperes Law can be used rarely to calculate magnetic fields
Need lots of symmetry usually cylindrical
A wire of radius a has total current I distributed
uniformly across its cross-sectional area. Find the
magnetic field everywhere.
I I
End-on view
Draw an Ampere loop outside the wire it contains all the current
Magnetic field is parallel to the direction of this loop, and constant around it
Use Amperes Law:
But we used a loop outside the wire, so we only have B for r > a
0
I d =
}
B s B ds =
}
2 rB t =
0
2
I
B
r

t
=
Using Amperes Law (2)
Now do it inside the wire
Ampere loop inside the wire does not contain all the current
The fraction is proportional to the area
End-on view
2 rB t =
2
2
r
I r
I a
t
t
=
a
2 2
r
I Ir a =
0 r
I d =
}
B s
0
2
r
I
B
r

t
=
0
2
2
Ir
a

t
= 0
2
0
2
2
I r r a
B
Ir a r a
t
t
>

=

<

Solenoids
Consider a planar loop of wire (any shape) with a
current I going around it.
Now, stack many such loops
Treat spacing as very closely spaced
Assume stack is tall compared to size of loop
Can show using symmetry that magnetic field is
only in vertical direction
Can use Amperes Law to show that it is
constant inside or outside the solenoid
0
0 I d = =
}
B s
1
B L =
0 +
2
B L
0 +
1 2
B B =
But magnetic field at infinity must be zero
outside
0 B ~
Field Inside a Solenoid
It remains only to calculate the magnetic field inside
We use Amperes law
Recall, no significant B-field outside
Only the inside segment contributes
There may be many (N) current loops within this
Ampere loop
Let n = N/L be loops per unit length
0 tot
I d =
}
B s
L
in
B L =
tot
I NI =
0
in
NI
B
L

=
in 0
B nI =
Works for any shape solenoid, not just cylindrical
For finite length solenoids, there are end effects
Real solenoids have each loop connected to the next, like a
helix, so its just one long wire
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is defined exactly the same way for magnetism
as it was for electricity

B
dA u
}
B n
A cylindrical solenoid of radius 10 cm has length 50 cm and
has 1000 turns of wire going around it. What is the magnetic
field inside it, and the magnetic flux through it, when a current
of 2.00 A is passing through the wire?
Unit of magnetic flux: Tesla meter
2
; also called a Weber (Wb)
i-clicker
A regular tetrahedron (four sides, all the same) has a cylindrical magnet
placed in the middle of the bottom face. There is a total of 0.012 Tm
2
of
magnetic flux entering the bottom face. What is the total flux from one
of the three top faces?
A) 0.006 Tm
2
B) 0.004 Tm
2
C) 0.003 Tm
2

D) 0.012 Tm
2
E) None of the above
Gausss Law for Magnetism
Magnetic field lines always go in circles there are no magnetic monopole
sources.
For closed surfaces, any flux in must go out somewhere else.

0
B
dA u =
}
B n
Flux in bottom must equal total flux out other three sides
Other three sides must have equal flux, by symmetry
i-clicker
A sphere of radius R is placed near a long, straight wire that
carries a steady current I. The magnetic field generated by the
current is B. The total magnetic flux passing through the sphere
is
A)
0
I
B)
0
I/(4 tR
2
)
C) 4 tR
2
/
0
I
D) Zero
E) Need more information
A cube of edge length = 2.50 cm is positioned as shown below. A uniform magnetic field
given by B = (5.00 i + 4.00 j + 3.00 k) T exists throughout the region.
(A) Calculate the flux through the shaded region.
(B) What is the total flux through the six faces?


White board example