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Crystallinity
Crystallinity
Require
• stereoregularity (i.e. high isotacticity, syndiotacticity, cis or trans
• smaller side groups. Bulky groups impede mobility leading to
lower crystallinity .
• lower branching.
• possible internal stabilization - hydrogen bonding.
• orientation by stress – tensile, drawing, dies, etc.
H-bonding in nylons
O
O H N
O H N
H N
N H
N H O
N H O
O H N
O H N
H N
PE Crystallization
Lamellae
1000
100
10
1
-160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160
Temperature (/ oC)
HDPE
Crystallization and properties
Rate of crystallization
Tg Tm Maximum below Tm
Rate of Eight-ninths rule
crystallization
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
X(t ) X 1 e Zt n
n= 1
X(t)
0.5
n= 2
n= 3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Time
Density measurements
c sample am
Mass based 100
sample c am
Volume based
sample am
100
c am
Density and volume based methods
M liquid M t M b Ms
VS
liquid
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
exo
Degradation
Tg
Melt, Tm
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
H f ,s
Wc 100
H f ,c
FTIR
I c (s).ds
2
s
Wc o
I(s).ds
2
s
o
2 sin
s