Combustion

C
x
H
y
+(x+0.25y)*(O
2
+3.76N
2
)=xCO
2
+0.5yH
2
O+3.76(x+0.25y)N
2
Ex: CH
4
+ 2(O
2
+ 3.76N
2
) = CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 7.52 N
2

Combustion Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
SOx
NOx
CO-usually not an issue with large, well-
controlled power plants
CO
2

PM
Particulate Matter-very small diameter solids
or liquids suspending in gases. (ash/soot/gas
conversion).
PM 10, PM 2.5
>10 um-nasal passage/mucus
<0.1 um-bronchial tree/mucus
0.1<10 um-respiratory problems

PM

Gravity Settler/Cyclone
Fabric Filter/Baghouse
Electrostatic Precipitator
Wet scrubbing
Fabric Filter
Shaker
Fabric Filter

ESP
Use electric field to
attract PM
Negative Corona
Strong E-field
generates high
energy electrons
Electrons create
ionized gas species
Ions are absorbed
onto particles
Particles absorb
onto plates


ESP

( ) /
1
wA Q
e
collection efficiency
w drift velocity
A area of each plate
Q volumetric flowrate
q
q

=
=
=
=
=
( ) /
,
/
adjustable constant
1
c
e
e c
kP Q
Effective drift velocity w
w kP A
k
e q

=
=
=
ESP
Advantages
High Efficiency
Low pressure drop
Low operating costs
Disadvantages
High capital costs
Large
Not flexible to
changes in operating
conditions
Sulfur
SO
2
(and some SO
3
) is emitted
SO
2
oxidized to SO
3
in atmosphere
SO
3
+ H
2
O = H
2
SO
4
= ACID RAIN
Sulfur
Pre-combustion or post combustion
Most common: limestone scrubbing
CaCO
3(s)
+H
2
O+2SO
2
= Ca
2+
+CO
2
+ 2HSO
3
-

CaCO
3(s)
+2HSO
3
-
+2Ca
2+
=2CaSO
3
+CO
2
+H
2
O



SOx Scrubbing
Nitrogen
High Temps: NO, NO
2
formed
95% of stationary source NOx is NO
Thermal NOx, Fuel NOx
Brownish color
In combination with VOCs, form O
3



Nitrogen
O +N
2
NO+N
N+O
2
NO+O
N
2
+O
2
2NO
K~10
-3 @2500K

Nitrogen
SCR=Selective Catalytic Reduction
300-400 C
~80% effective
4NO + 4NH
3
+ O
2
4N
2
+ 6H
2
O
2NO
2
+ 4NH
3
+ O
2
3N
2
+ 6H
2
O
NO + NO
2
+ 2NH
3
2N
2
+ 3H
2
O
SCR
Carbon Capture and Storage

Capture
Use temperature swing to absorb/desorb
2
+ -
2 3
Amine(A) + CO AH , HCO , ACO

Storage
Reduces delivered electricity by at least 25%


The Thermodynamic System
The System
Let U be the
i
U PE KE E = + =

Internal Energy
Contains some energy, E
The Surroundings
(i.e., the rest of the Universe)
First Law Conservation of Energy
energy can be converted from one form to another
but cannot be created nor destroyed
2 1
E E Q W =
1
2
Q
W
Enthalpy - H
Enthalpy measures total energy of the system.
Internal energy (energy required to create system)
Energy required to make room for it by displacing its
environment: function of volume and pressure
H U PV = +
PV and work
In general, work is given by PV




=
= =
-2 3
-2 3
Work in ; Pressure in , Volume in J Nm Nm m
PV Nm m Nm
P
V
1
2
B
A
Question:
is work done by path A same
as by path B?
d = dW P V
Work done depends on path taken!
d signifies an exact differential
o signifies an inexact differential
Second Law Quality of Energy Decreases
energy flows from a higher potential (higher quality)
to lower potential
Q
W
High T
Low T
Q
A couple other statements of this:
Clausius: No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from
a body of lower temperature to a body of higher temperature
Kelvin: No process is possible in which the sole result is the absorption of heat
from a reservoir and its complete conversion into work
Entropy - S
Entropy measures disorder of the system. (quality)


For a reversible process


reversible process process that can be carried out
and reversed without leaving traces on the
surroundings



d

rev
Q
dS
T
Reversible Systems
For a reversible process involving heat transfer at T
0
,
d

rev
Q
dS
T
d

D = - =

2
2 1
1
rev
Q
S S S
T
D =
0
rev
Q
S
T
= D
rev
Q T S
Irreversible Systems
Clausius inequality:
d

Q
T
d d

2 1
1 2
int rev
0
Q Q
T T
T
S
1
2
d

1
2
int rev
Q
S
T
D 0 S
Heat Engine







Want colder T
cold
and hotterT
hot

1
0
hot cold
hot cold cold
hot hot hot
hot cold
hot cold
W Q Q
Q Q T W
Q Q T
Q Q
S
T T
q
=

= = s

A = + >
Carnot Cycle
Isothermal
Expansion
Isentropic
Expansion
Isothermal
Compression
Isentropic
Compression
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle
Brayton Cycle

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brayton_cycle.svg