Chuyn :

MT S CCH GII
PHNG TRNH
NGHIM NGUYN
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax + by = c
(a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
V d 1: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh 2x + y = 7
y = 7 2x

Vy nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l

1. Phng php chung:
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax + by = c
(a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
1. Phng php chung:
V d 2: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: 3x - 4y = 7 (1)
Gii: Ta thy
T (1) 3x = 4y + 7

x = = = y + 2 +

(1) c nghim nguyn (y + 1) 3 y + 1 = 3t (t )
y = 3t 1 (t )
Thay vo biu thc ta c:

x = 3t 1 + 2 + = 3t + 1 + t = 4t + 1

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l (t )
V d: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh 2x 5y = 10 (1)
Gii: Ta thy 10 5 v 5y 5 2x 5
m CLN(2; 5) = 1 x 5
x = 5t (t )
Thay x = 5t vo (1) ta c:
10t 5y = 10 2t y = 2 y = 2t 2 (t )

Vy nghim nguyn tng qut ca phng trnh l (t )
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax + by = c
(a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
1. Phng php chung:
2. Phng php ring:
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax + by = c
(a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh: 3x + 5y = 25 (*)
Cch 1: Ta thy 25 5 v 5y 5 3x 5
m CLN(3; 5) = 1 x 5 x = 5t (t )
Thay x = 5t vo (*) ta c:
15t + 5y = 25 5y = 25 15t y = 5 3t

V

Thay t = 1 vo ta c: x = 5 ; y = 5 3 = 2

Vy nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh l:
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax + by = c
(a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
Cch 2: Ta thy 25 5 ; 5y 5 3x 5
m CLN (3; 5) = 1 x 5 (1)

V x, y > 0 3x < 25 x <

Mt khc ta c x > 0; x 0 < x < v x

x {1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8}
M theo (1) x 5 x = 5
Thay vo phng trnh (*) ta c:
15 + 5y = 25 5y = 10 y = 2
Vy nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh l:
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh: 3x + 5y = 25 (*)
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax + by = c
(a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
Bi 2: Tm cc s nguyn tha mn c hai iu kin:
Bi tp p dng:

Gii: Ta tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh (1)

T (1) 3x = 5y + 8 x = = = 2y + 3

Phng trnh (1) c nghim nguyn (y + 1) 3 y + 1 = 3t (t )
y = 3t 1 (t )
Thay y = 3t 1 vo biu thc x ta c:

x = = = = 5t + 1

V 10 y 20 m y = 3t 1 10 3t 1 20 11 3t 21 t 7
m t t
Ta c bng sau:



Vy cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:
(x; y)
t 4 5 6 7
x = 5t + 1 21 26 31 36
y = 3t - 1 11 14 17 20
Cc bi ton v phng trnh nguyn bc nht ni chung l khng
kh, v c phng php gii tng qut. Gii phng trnh nguyn
bc hai v cao hn l mt vn rt phong ph, thng i hi vn
dng tng hp v sng to cc kin thc s hc v i s, v vy
trong cc k thi hc sinh gii thng c bi v gii phng trnh
nguyn.
Ch c th nu ln vi phng php chung, gip gii phng trnh
nguyn bc cao trong mt s trng hp.
MT S CCH GII PHNG TRNH
NGHIM NGUYN
Dng 2: Phng trnh mt n bc cao
1. Dng tng qut: a
n
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n-1
+ + a
1
x + a
0
= 0 (1) (a
n
0)
vi a
n
, a
n-1
, , a
1
, a
0
l cc s nguyn, n l s nguyn dng
2. Cch gii:
a) Nu phn s ti gin (p l s nguyn, q l s nguyn dng) l mt nghim

ca phng trnh (1) th p l c ca a
0
v q l c ca a
n

b) Nu x = b l nghim ca phng trnh (1) th b l c ca a
0
(b , b 0)
c) Mi nghim hu t ca phng trnh vi h s nguyn
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n-1
+ + a
1
x + a
0
= 0 u l s nguyn.
Quy tc tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh (1)
Bc 1: Tm tt c cc c ca a
0
.
Bc 2: Th ln lt cc c ca a
0
vo v tri ca (1), bt u t cc c nh nht.
Bc 3: Nu cc c d lm cho a thc c gi tr 0 th kt lun x = d l mt nghim
nguyn. Cn nu a thc c gi tr khc khng th x = d khng phi l
nghim.
V d 2: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: x
3
5x
2
+ 10x 8 = 0
Gii: t P(x) = x
3
5x
2
+ 10x 8
Th tt c cc c ca 8 l 1; 2; 4; 8, ta ch c P(2) = 0. Tt c cc c cn
li u lm cho P(x) 0.
Vy phng trnh c mt nghim nguyn x = 2.
Dng 2: Phng trnh mt n bc cao
V d 1: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: x
2
5x + 6 = 0
Gii: Nghim nguyn (nu c) phi l c ca 6 gm cc s 1; 2; 3; 6
t P(x) = x
2
5x + 6 P(2) = P(3) = 0
Kt lun phng trnh c hai nghim nguyn x = 2, x = 3
Dng 3: Phng trnh nhiu n bc cao
V d 1: Gii phng trnh nguyn: 3x
2
+ 5y
2
= 12 (1)
Gii: (1) 3(x
2
+ 1) = 5(3 - y
2
)
V CLN(3,5) = 1 nn phi c (x
2
+ 1) 5, tc x
2
+ 1 = 5t (t )
(3 y
2
) 3, tc 3 y
2
= 3k (k )
Khi ta c: 3.5t = 5.3k t = k
x
2
= 5t 1 0 nn t 1 (do t )
y
2
= 3 3k 0 nn k 1
Suy ra t = k = 1 v x
2
= 4, y
2
= 0
Vy nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:
(x, y)
a) Vn dng tnh cht chia ht ca s nguyn (thng phi bin i v phn tch
mt s biu thc trong phng trnh thnh tch hoc thnh tng thch hp).
V d 2: Gii phng trnh nguyn: x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 16 (1)
Gii: (1) (x 2y)
2
+ y
2
= 16 (= 4
2
+ 0)
(s 16 ch c th l tng ca hai s chnh phng 4
2
v 0)

Do : hoc


hoc


Vy nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:
(x, y)
Dng 3: Phng trnh nhiu n bc cao
a) Vn dng tnh cht chia ht ca s nguyn (thng phi bin i v phn tch
mt s biu thc trong phng trnh thnh tch hoc thnh tng thch hp).
V d 3: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
= y
3

Gii: C th thy ngay rng x = 0, y = 1 v x = - 1, y = 0 l hai nghim ca phng
trnh. Ta chng minh rng phng trnh khng c nghim nguyn no khc na.
Tht vy, vi mi x 1 hoc x - 2, ta u c:
x
2
+ x = x(x + 1) > 0
do : (x + 1)
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1
= (x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) + 2x(x + 1)
V vy (x + 1)
3
> x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = y
3
> x
3

Khng c s nguyn y no tha mn bt ng thc ny, tc l phng trnh
khng c nghim nguyn vi x 1 hoc x - 2.
b) Th trc tip thy mt vi nghim (nu c) ca phng trnh, t tm ra
cc nghim khc hoc chng minh rng phng trnh khng c nghim no khc.
Dng 3: Phng trnh nhiu n bc cao
a) Vn dng tnh cht chia ht ca s nguyn (thng phi bin i v phn tch
mt s biu thc trong phng trnh thnh tch hoc thnh tng thch hp).
V d 4: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x + y + z = xyz
Gii: Do vai tr ca x, y, z bnh ng, khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s
0 < x y z
Ta c xyz = x + y + z 3z
Do xy 3
Nhng khng c th x + y + z = 3z (tc x = y = z), v lc z
3
= 3z hay z
2
= 3
l iu th c vi z nguyn
Vy xy < 3, tc l xy = 2 hoc xy = 1
Nu xy = 2 th x = 1; y = 2 do z = 3
Nu xy = 1 th x = y = 1, t 2 + z = z, v nghim
Phng trnh cho c nghim l (1; 2; 3) v cc hon v ca n, tc l c tt
c 6 nghim
Vy nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l
(x, y, z) {(1; 2; 3), (1; 3; 2), (2; 1; 3), (2; 3; 1), (3; 1; 2), (3; 2; 1)}
b) Th trc tip thy mt vi nghim (nu c) ca phng trnh, t tm ra
cc nghim khc hoc chng minh rng phng trnh khng c nghim no khc.
Dng 3: Phng trnh nhiu n bc cao
a) Vn dng tnh cht chia ht ca s nguyn (thng phi bin i v phn tch
mt s biu thc trong phng trnh thnh tch hoc thnh tng thch hp).
c) Vn dng vai tr bnh ng (nu c) ca cc n
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ax +by =c (a, b khng ng thi bng 0)
Dng 2: Phng trnh c mt n bc cao
Dng 3: Phng trnh nhiu n bc cao
MT S CCH GII PHNG TRNH
NGHIM NGUYN