PRESENTING

NUMERICAL DATA IN
TABLES AND CHARTS
Abdul Hakim, SE. MEc, PhD

WEEK 1:B

FE-UII
Organizing Numerical Data: The
Ordered Array and Stem-and-leaf
Display
7.2 4.9 10.7 10.4 6.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 6 5.4
4.8 4.7 8.3 3.8 4.8 8.3 6.4 6.6 4.5 8
3.6 2.4 8.5 8.8 7.7 4.9 8.6 12 4.9 7
11 4.9 3.9 4.9 4.4 4.9 4.9 8 3.6 7.4
7.9 4.9 5.8 3.9 11.6 10.3 3.4 3.9 5 3.9
8 3.5 4.9 5.8 4.1 3.9 3.5 4.8 5.9 3.6
Raw Data Pertaining to tuition fee ($000)

2.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9
3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8
4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9
4.9 4.9 5 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.9 6 6.4 6.4
6.6 7 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8 8 8 8.3
8.3 8.5 8.6 8.8 10.3 10.4 10.7 11 11.6 12
Ordered Array of tuition fee ($000)
Tabulating Numerical Data: The
Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution is a summary table in which
the data are arranged into conveniently established
numerically ordered class grouping or categories.
Selecting the number of classes. There is no general
rule of how many classes should be chosen. The
common rule of thumb is between 5 to 15 classes.
The larger the sample or population size, the larger
the number of classes needed.
Obtaining the class interval:
Width of interval = range/number of class groupings
Establishing the boundaries of the classes. It should
cover all observations, but avoid the overlapping
observations.

e.g. Data on tuition fees ($000)
Number of classes, say 6 classes (the data has 60 observations)
Class interval. Width of interval = (12-2.4)/6 = 1.6. for convenience
and ease of reading, it is rounded to 2.0.
Class boundaries:

Tuition fee ($000) Frequency
2.0 but less than 4.0 13
4.0 but less than 6.0 24
6.0 but less than 8.0 9
8.0 but less than 10.0 8
10.0 but less than 12.0 5
More than 12.0 1
Total 60
Tabulating Numerical Data:
The Relative Frequency Distribution and
Percentage Distribution
Tuition fee ($000) Proportion of Schools
2.0 but less than 4.0
13/60= 0.217
4.0 but less than 6.0
24/60= 0.400
6.0 but less than 8.0
9/60= 0.150
8.0 but less than 10.0
8/60= 0.133
10.0 but less than 12.0
5/60= 0.083
More than 12.0
1/60=0.017
Total 1
This type of tables provides the relative size of each class.
Tuition fee ($000) Percentage of Schools
2.0 but less than 4.0
21.7
4.0 but less than 6.0
40.0
6.0 but less than 8.0
15.0
8.0 but less than 10.0
13.3
10.0 but less than 12.0
8.3
More than 12.0
1.7
Total 100
Graphing Numerical Data: The
Histogram and Polygon

Histograms are vertical bar charts in which the rectangular bars are
constructed at the boundaries of each class.
Polygons


Percentage polygon is formed by letting the midpoint of each class
represent the data in that class and then connecting the sequence of
midpoints at their respective percentages.
Cumulative Distributions and
Cumulative Polygons
Cumulative distributions can be developed from frequency
distribution table, the relative frequency distribution table, or the
percentage distribution table.
Cumulative Percentage Distribution Table

Tuition fee ($000) Percentage of Schools
2
0
4
21,7
6
61,7
8
76,7
10
90,0
12
98,3
14 100
Cumulative Percentage Polygon