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6/27/2014 1
CHAPTER 1

SYSTEMS, ROLES AND
DEVELOPMENT
METHODOLOGIES
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Week # 1
THEORY:
Assuming the Role of the Systems Analyst
1 - Need for Systems Analysis & Design
1 - Role of the Systems Analysts
Qualities of the Systems Analysts
2 - The System Development Life Cycle
Phases/Steps of SDLC

LAB:
Case Study SDLC
Study the phases and steps of traditional system development
life cycle.

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Objective
After going through today lesson, you
should be able to:
Understand a system
What is Systems Analysis & Design?
Understand different types of systems.
Understand the role and responsibility of
system analyst
Understand the phases of system
development Life Cycle (SDLC).

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Major Topics
Need for Systems Analysis & Design
Role of the Systems Analysts
Qualities of the Systems Analysts
The System Development Life Cycle
Phases/Steps of SDLC
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Systems
(1) A group of interdependent items
that interact regularly to perform a
task.
(2) An established or organized
procedure; a method.
(3) A computer system refers to the
hardware and software components
that run a computer or computers.
(4) An information system is a
system that collects, process and
stores data.

Cited from:
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.html
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System analysis and Design
The Examination and Study of a
problem and the creation of its solution
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Systems?
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Information A Key Resource
What is Information?
Fuels business and can be the critical factor in
determining the success or failure of a business
Why is it needed?
To Strategically position the organization
competitively.
Managing computer-generated
information differs from handling
manually produced data
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Strategic
Level
Operational
Level
Knowledge
Level
Higher
Level
A systems analyst may be
involved with any or all of
these systems at each
organization level
Types of Systems
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Systems Analysts Recommend, Design, and Maintain Many
Types of Systems for Users
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Expert Systems (ES)
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems
(CSCWS)
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Computerized system that performs and records the daily routine
transactions necessary to conduct the business; these systems
serve the operational level of the organization

TYPE: Operational-level
INPUTS: transactions, events
PROCESSING: updating
OUTPUTS: detailed reports
USERS: operations personnel, supervisors

EXAMPLE: payroll, accounts payable
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Typical Applications of TPS
Sales/ Manufacturing! Finance/ Human Other types(e.g.,
university)
marketing systems production systems accounting systems resources systems University
Major functions
of System
Sales management Scheduling Budgeting Personnel record Admissions
Market research Purchasing General ledger Benefits Grade records
Promotion Shipping/receiving Billing Compensation Course records
Pricing Engineering Cost accounting Labor relations Alumni
New products Operations Training
Sales/ Manufacturing! Finance/ Human Other types
Sales order Materials resource General ledger Payroll Registration system
Major
application
information system planning systems Accounts
receivable/payable
Employee records Student transcript
system
systems Market research
system
Purchase order Budgeting Benefit systems Curriculum class
Pricing system control systems Funds management
systems
Career path
systems
Alumni benefactor
system
Engineering systems
Quality control
systems
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Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Computer system, such as word processing, electronic mail
system, and scheduling system, that is designed to increase
the productivity of data workers in the office.

TYPE: Knowledge-level
INPUTS: documents, schedules
PROCESSING: document management, scheduling,
communication
OUTPUTS: documents; schedules
USERS: clerical workers

EXAMPLE: document imaging system
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Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Information system that aids knowledge workers in
the creation and integration of new knowledge in the
organization.

TYPE: Knowledge-level
INPUTS: design specifications
PROCESSING: modelling
OUTPUTS: designs, graphics
USERS: technical staff; professionals

EXAMPLE: Engineering workstations
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Information system at the management level of an organization
that combines data and sophisticated analytical models or data
analysis tools to support decision making.

TYPE: Management-level
INPUTS: low volume data
PROCESSING: simulations, analysis
OUTPUTS: decision analysis
USERS: professionals, staff managers
DECISION-MAKING: semi-structured
EXAMPLE: sales region analysis
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Management Information Systems (MIS)
Information system at the management level of an organization
that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision
making by providing routine summary and exception reports.

TYPE: Management-level
INPUTS: high volume data
PROCESSING: simple models
OUTPUTS: summary reports
USERS: middle managers
EXAMPLE: annual budgeting
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Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Information system at the strategic level of an organization
that address decision making through advanced graphics and
communications.

TYPE: Strategic level
INPUTS: aggregate data; internal and external
PROCESSING: interactive
OUTPUTS: projections
USERS: senior managers

EXAMPLE: 5 year operating plan
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Major Types of Information Systems
Strategic Level Systems
5-year
sales trend
forecasting
5-year
operating
plan
5-year
budget
forecasting
Profit
planning
Manpower
planning
Management-Level Systems
Sales
management
Sales region
analysis
Inventory
Control
Production
Scheduling
Annual
budgeting
Cost
analysis
Capital
Investment analysis
Pricing/profitability
analysis
Relocation
analysis
Contract cost
analysis
Knowledge-Level Systems
Engineering
workstations
Word
processing
Graphics
workstations
Document
Imaging
Managerial
workstations
Electronic
Calendars
Operational Level Systems
Order Tracking
Order processing
Machine control
Plant scheduling
Material movement
control
Securities
trading
Cash
management
Payroll
Accounts payable
Accounts receivable
Compensation
Training & development
Employee record keeping
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
ESS
MIS
DSS
KWS
OAS
TPS
Sales and
marketing
Manufacturing Finance Accounting Human
Resources
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Integrating New Technologies into Traditional
Systems
Ecommerce and Web Systems
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
Wireless Systems
Open Source Software
Need for Systems Analysis and Design
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Figure 1.2 Systems analysts need to be aware that
integrating technologies affects all types of systems
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Being System Analyst
The analyst
must be able to
work with
people of all
descriptions and
be experienced
in working with
computers
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Need for Systems Analysis and Design
Installing a system without proper planning leads to great user
dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to fall into
disuse
Lends structure to the analysis and design of information
systems
A series of processes systematically undertaken to improve a
business through the use of computerized information systems
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Roles of the Systems Analyst
Three primary roles:
Consultant
Supporting Expert
Agent of change
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Qualities of the Systems Analyst
Problem solver
Communicator
Strong personal and professional ethics
Self-disciplined and self-motivated
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End of Part 2
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Systems Development
Life Cycle (SDLC)
The systems development
life cycle is a phased
approach to solving business
problems
Developed through the use of
a specific cycle of analyst
and user activities
Each phase has unique user
activities
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Waterfall
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Figure 1.3 The seven phases of the systems
development life cycle
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Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and
Objectives
Activity:
Interviewing user management
Summarizing the knowledge obtained
Estimating the scope of the project
Documenting the results
Output:
Feasibility report containing problem definition and
objective summaries from which management can
make a decision on whether to proceed with the
proposed project
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Determining Human Information Requirements
Activity:
Interviewing
Sampling and investing hard data
Questionnaires
Observe the decision makers behavior and environment
Prototyping
Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the current
system
Output: The analyst get understanding of
How users accomplish their work when interacting with a
computer.
How to make the new system more useful and usable.
Know the business functions and have complete information on
the people, goals, data and procedure involved

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Analyzing System Needs
Activity:
Create Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)
Complete the data dictionary
Analyze the structured decisions made
Prepare and present the system proposal
Output:
Recommendation on what, if anything,
should be done
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Designing the Recommended System
Activity:
Design procedures for data entry
Design the human-computer interface
Design files and/or database
Design system controls
Design backup procedures
Output
Model of the actual system
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Developing and Documenting Software
Activity:
System analyst works with programmers to develop any
original software
Works with users to develop effective documentation
Programmers design, code, and remove syntactical errors
from computer programs
Document software with help files, procedure manuals, and
Web sites with Frequently Asked Questions
Output:
Computer programs
System documentation
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Testing and Maintaining the System
Activity:
Test the information system
System maintenance
Maintenance documentation
Output:
Problems, if any
Updated programs
Documentation
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Implementing and Evaluating the System
Activity:
Train users
Analyst plans smooth conversion from old
system to new system
Review and evaluate system
Output:
Trained personnel
Installed system
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Figure 1.5 Resource consumption over the
system life

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Summary
Information is a key resource
Systems analysts deal with many types of information
systems
Integration of traditional systems with new technologies
Roles, needs and qualities of the systems analyst
The systems Development Life Cycle
Alternatives to structured analysis and design and to the
SDLC