DEPARTEMEN ANATOMI

FK-USU
MEDAN
Tractus urinarius
The urinary system of the human body consists of
two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and a single
urethra.
The kidneys are located on the posterior wall of the
abdomen at waist level. Each kidney is roughly 10
cm long and 5 cm wide, and is encased in a fibrous
outer capsule called the renal capsule.
The main function of the kidneys is to control blood
volume and composition. They do this by filtering
the blood to remove waste products, salts and
water. These are secreted in the form of urine.
The kidneys are located in the posterior part of the
abdomen.
There is one on each side of the spine ,the right kidney
sits just below the liver, the left below the diaphragma
and adjacent to the spleen.
Above each kidney is an adrenal gland (also called the
suprarenal gland). The asymmetry within the abdominal
cavity caused by the liver results in the right kidney
being slightly lower than the left one while the left kidney
is located slightly more medial.
The kidneys are retroperitoneal and
They are approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3.
The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by
the eleventh and twelfth ribs.
Congenital absence of one or both kidneys, known as
unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis, can occur

Ureter
The ureters deliver urine to the bladder from the kidney to
bladder.
The ureters are retroperitoneal, which means that they are
located in the retroperitoneal space .
In adults the ureters are approx 12 inches (30 cm) long and have
a muscular coat that tightens and relaxes to move urine away
from the kidney. This muscular action is controlled by the
autonomic nervous system (ANS) and operates in a similar way
to that of peristalsis in the digestive system.
The ureters pass through the posterior surface of the bladder at
the Ureter Orifices.
Urine drains through the ureters directly into the bladder as there
are no sphincter muscles or valves at the ureter orifices


Bladder
The bladder is located on the floor of the pelvic
cavity. (Other organs, glands and tissues located
in the pelvic cavity include the rectum, gender-
specific reproductive organs, parts of the small
intestine, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves).
The bladder is located anterior to (i.e. in front of)
the rectum in males.
In females it is also in front of the uterus and
upper vagina so its location is described simply
as "anterior to the uterus and upper vagina".

The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous
sac whose shape is affected by factors including
the person's age and sex - as well as the volume
of urine it contains at the time.
The "superior" or "abdominal" surfaces, and the
"lateral" surfaces of the bladder are covered by
peritoneum.

Bladder in pelvic cavity

Structure of Bladder

The bladder itself ("musculomembranous sac") consists of 4
layers:
Serous
The outer "serous" layer is a partial layer derived from the
peritoneum.
Muscular
The detrusor muscle is the muscle of the urinary bladder
wall.
It consists of three layers of smooth (involuntary) muscle
fibres. The external layer is longitudinal, the middle layer is
circular configuration, and the internal layer is longitudinal .
Sub-mucous
This is a thin layer of areolar tissue .
Mucous
The innermost layer,which contains transitional epithelium
tissue that can stretch. The ability of this tissue to stretch is
important because it contains variable volumes of liquid - as
the bladder is filled and emptied several times per day.
Because it is only loosely attached to the (strong and
substantial) muscular layer, the mucosa falls into many folds
known as rugae when the bladder is empty or is only filled
to a small extent.



Female urethra

At only about 1.5 inches (35 mm) long, the female adult
urethra is shorter than the adult male urethra (approx. or
8 inches, or 200mm).
The female urethra is located immediately behind the
pubic symphysis and is embedded into the front wall of
the vagina.
The urethra itself is a narrow membranous canal that
consists of three layers:
Muscular layer - continuous with the muscular layer of
the bladder, this extends the full length of the urethra.
Thin layer of spongy erectile tissue - including
plexus of veins and bundles of smooth muscle fibres.
Located immediately below the mucous layer.
Mucous layer - internally continuous with the
bladder and lined with laminated epithelium that is
transitional near to the bladder.
After passing through the urogenital diaphragm ,the
female urethra ends at the external orifice of
urethra - which is the point at which the urine leaves
the body. This is located between the clitoris and the
vaginal opening.
The passage of urine along the urethra through the
urogenital diaphragm is controlled by the external
urethral sphincter, which is a circular muscle under
voluntary control (that is, it is innervated by the
somatic nervous system, SNS


Male urethra

At about 8-9 inches (200 mm) long, the adult
male urethra is longer than the adult female
urethra (of approx. 1.5 inches 35 mm).
It has three portions (the prostatic urethra, the
membranous urethra, and the spongy urethra )
and extends from the neck of the bladder to the
meatus urinarius at the end of the male
penis/urethra.


The three regions/sections of the male urethra are:
Prostatic Urethra
The prostatic urethra begins at the neck of the bladder
and includes all of the section that passes through the
prostrate gland. It is the widest and most dilatable part
of the male urethral canal.

Membranous Urethra
The membranous urethra is the shortest and narrowest
part of the male urethra. This section measures approx.
0.5 - 0.75 inches (12 - 19 mm) in length and is the
section of the urethra that passes through the male
urogenital diaphragm.
The external urethral sphincter (muscle) is located in
the urogenital diaphragm (as for the female urethra).
The passage of urine along the urethra through the
urogenital diaphragm is controlled by the external
urethral sphincter, which is a circular muscle under
voluntary control (that is, it is innervated by the somatic
nervous system, SNS).


Spongy Urethra
The spongy urethra is the longest of the three
sections.
It is approx. 6 inches (150 mm) in length
It is contained in the corpus spongiosum that
extends from the end of the membranous portion,
passes through the penis, and terminates at the
external orifice of the urethra - which is the point
at which the urine leaves the body.


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