PSTN

Group Members
Amber Younas E07-009
Muhammad Ramzan E07-042
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
System Architecture
History
Advantages and Disadvantages of PSTN
Comparison Of Circuit Switched And Packet
Switched
Market Volume
Conclusion


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INTRODUCTION
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the
worldwide collection of interconnected public telephone
networks that was designed primarily for voice traffic.
The normal phone network, or land line.

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INTRODUCTION CNTD
Homes are connected to the Central Office (CO) via an analog
PSTN line.
Four wires held in place by a plastic RJ-11 connector.
The inner pair of wires is for line one and the outer pair is for line
two.
Each wire in the pair has a name (tip and ring), and the two
together provide a complete connection to the local CO - giving
rise to the name of this connection: the local loop.
Each pair of wires transmits
voice,
tones
Power
The tones consist of both Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)
tones you send by pressing the buttons on your touch-tone
keypad and information tones from the CO. The power is used to
ring your phone and keep it working when your homes power is
out (otherwise, how could you call and complain?). Even data
from a fax machine or a modem is translated into voice energy -
which sounds like static - before it's sent over the line.
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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Digital Trunks

Analog line

Central
Office
(CO)

PSTN is a circuit-switched network.
( a dedicated circuit or channel is established for the
duration of a transmission, such as a telephone call)
Uses digital trunks between Central Office switches
(CO)
Uses analog line from phones to CO



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HISTORY
The first telephones had no network but were in private
use.
Exchange Principle is used ( each telephone was wired
to a local telephone exchange, and the exchanges were
wired together with trunks)
The PSTN began in 1876 with the formation of American
Bell, which later became AT&T
In the 1970s the telecommunications industry began
implementing packet switched network data services as
in PSTN
Today only the oldest parts of the telephone network use
analog technology
In Recent years digital services have been increasingly
rolled out to end users using services such
as DSL, ISDN, FTTx and cable modem systems.


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THE PSTN DIGITIZATION
Voice frequency is 100 - 5000 Hz, with the main portion
from 300 3400 Hz
Nyquist Theorem states that sampling must be done at
twice the highest frequency to recreate. 4000 Hz was
chosen as the maximum frequency, thus sampling at
8000 Hz
PCM = 8kHz * 8 bits per sample = 64 kbit/s
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PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK
Three major components of PSTN:
Local loops
Trunks
Switching Offices
Local CO
408-527-xxxx
22,000 in US
1-10 Km
CAT 3
Tandem
(class 4)
Mostly fiber or
microwave running
ATM or IP
(MCI, Sprint, ATT)
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CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Time switch
- Makes switching between time slots
- In the figure incoming slot 3 is moved to
outgoing slot 3 for one voice direction
- Each coming timeslot stored in Speech Store
(SS)
- Control store (CS) determines the order the
slot
are read from SS
- The info in CS is determined during setup
phase of the call
Space switch
- makes switching between PCM lines
- works with electronic gates controlled by CS
Cross-point
controlled
by CS
Circuit switching
- dedicated path
- constant delay/bandwidth
- voice/data
- paid by time
- examples: PSTN, VPN
TDMA
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (E1)
The T1 frame is composed of 230 channels
The frame is 193 bits = 1 framing bit + 8 bits * 32 Time Slots (TS)
Framing bit creates an additional channel of 8 kb/s
Frame rate is 8 KHz, each channel is 8K * 7 bits = 56 Kbps
The extra bit is used for CAS (Channel Associated Signaling)
E1 32 channels, 2.048 MHz = 32 ch * 8K * 8 bits/ch, CCS
PCM voice
or data
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MODERN PSTN HIERARCHY
to international level
Regional transport level
Local transport level
Access transport level
Local exchange
Transit exchange
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PSTN HIERARCHY CONT.
Local (example, within a city)
Subscriber connections
Switching within the local exchange
Switching to other exchanges
Transit (county level, say between Tampere and Helsinki)
Switching traffic between different geographical areas within one
country
International
Gateway-type traffic between
different countries
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) routes
Rates can follow SONET or SDH standard
SDH
- transport of 1.5/2/6/34/45/140 Mbps within a transmission rate of 155.52 Mbps
- carries for instance ATM and IP within rates that are integer multiples of 155.52 Mbps
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PSTN SERVICES TO CUSTOMERS
The PSTN has proven effective in providing clear
call quality for consumers over many years.
More Reliable as it provides with the ability to place
calls around the world that remain consistently clear
and reliable.
Dedicated Circuit (No delay and No 1way audio)
Digital services have been increasingly rolled out to
end users, using services such
as DSL, ISDN, FTTx and Cable modem systems.
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CNTD
. The technology used by the PSTN in the
beginning changed by leaps and bounds and
provides a high quality, automated switching
communications network.


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ADVANTAGES OF PSTN
No antenna.
Straight forward, well establish technology.
Easy to set up and maintain.
Two-way communications
Event notification through one or more stored telephone
numbers (such as pagers, internet, cell phone, etc.) to
provide a timely warning.
Easy installation, only takes around 5-7 working days,
this will of course be longer if the line needs to be ADSL
preferred.
A PSTN line can be used as either a standard phone
line and/or fax.
If your business is relocating and needs phone lines to
be installed as soon as possible then a PSTN line can
be a temporary solution.
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DISADVANTAGES OF PSTN
Requires a direct phone line connections
Dedicated line required to complete a call
Limited scalability
Optimum usage of bandwidth not possible
Monthly fees applicable for maintenance
Higher call charges then VoIP (Voice over Internet
Protocol)

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MARKET VOLUME
Market of PSTN is getting down after their voice call
services were dwarfed by the growing expansion of
mobile phone users in the local telecom market.
The shift from voice call services to data and internet
services came because operators found their existence
under tremendous threat as six mobile phone operators
have long ago eclipsed the land-phone service providers.
PSTN operators could not compete with the mobile
operators in meeting the demand of the ever-growing
customers because of lack of professionalism and
aggressive market policy from their part and adverse
policies on the part of the government which did not allow
them to make a sound take-off.
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COMPARISON
A comparison of circuit switched and packet-switched
networks.
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MESSAGE SWITCHING
(a) Circuit switching (b) Message switching (Packet
switching
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LEADING VENDORS
PSTN ONE is a leading global communications
infrastructure vendor. PSTN ONE enables Internet
telephony service providers (ITSPs) to quickly and
efficiently implement, manage and deliver a wide
range of solutions for their services.


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THE PATH TOWARDS NGN SOLUTION

PSTN
NGN
Step 1
Why
migrate
Step 2
What
requirements
Step 1
Why
migrate?
Step 3
Which
architecture?
Step 2
What
requirements?
I Page 21 of 23 KEYMILE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS WHY MIGRATE TO NGN?
Telecom service provider
PSTN infrastructure renewal
Network extension: Greenfield and rural
areas
Improve OPEX, reduce CAPEX
Provide new services
Virtual voice service provider
Reduce costs: Bypass other operators
network
Provide new services (IP Centrex)
ISP/broadband provider
Extend business with voice services to
broadband customers
Extend addressable market to narrowband
customers

I Page 22 of 23 KEYMILE
CONCLUSION
Analysts said the PSTN operators are now focusing
on corporate marketing, data services and internet
facilities as they have already realized that they
would not be able to survive in the highly
competitive market by providing services to only
general customers.

"We have so far relied on voice service as our
premium service. Now we are moving to data
services and internet to sustain business."
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REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telepho
ne_network
http://www.ehow.com/list_7311472_advantages-
pstn.html
http://www.in4ma.co.uk/faq/pstn.html
http://www.thefinancialexpress-
bd.com/more.php?news_id=95522

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